ArticleClinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research2014
Intratumoral immunization: a new paradigm for cancer therapy.
Article in Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 130 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase I-II Study of Intratumoral Urelumab Combined With Nivolumab in Patients With Solid Tumors
A Phase 2 Study of HPV L1 Vaccine in Combination With Imiquimod and Metformin in Cervical, Vaginal, and Vulvar Cancers
Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Can Radiotherapy Empower the Host Immune System to Counterattack Neoplastic Cells? A Systematic Review on Tumor Microenvironment Radiomodulation.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2022Pooled it
- The Emerging World of TCR-T Cell Trials Against Cancer: A Systematic Review.Technology in cancer research & treatment · 2019Pooled it
- Regression of human papillomavirus intraepithelial lesions is induced by MVA E2 therapeutic vaccine.Human gene therapy · 2014Trial
- Immune-remodeling mRNAs expressing IRF8 or NIK generate durable antitumor immunity in multiple cancer models.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Lipid nanoparticle encapsulated TLR3 agonist adjuvant elicits potent T cell immunity against cancer and viruses.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- In situ extended immune activation instantly after tumor resection by oncolytic virus controls postoperative tumor recurrence.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Post-resection delivery of a TLR7/8 agonist from a biodegradable scaffold achieves immune-mediated glioblastoma clearance and protection against tumor challenge in mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Cellular mechanisms underlying beneficial versus detrimental effects of bacterial antitumor immunotherapy.Immunity · 2025Article
- Nanotechnology for immuno-oncology.Nature cancer · 2025Review
- Review
- γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase-activable nanoprobe crosses the blood-brain barrier for immuno-sonodynamic therapy of glioma.Nature communications · 2024Article
- An in situ depot for the sustained release of a TLR7/8 agonist in combination with a TGFβ inhibitor promotes anti-tumor immune responses.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- X-ray imageable, drug-loaded hydrogel that forms at body temperature for image-guided, needle-based locoregional drug delivery.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Bis-2'-F-cGMolecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Engineering nanomedicines for immunogenic eradication of cancer cells: Recent trends and synergistic approaches.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Review
- Article
- CSF3R as a potential prognostic biomarker and immunotherapy target in glioma.Central-European journal of immunology · 2024Article
- Development of Intratumoral Drug Delivery Based Strategies for Antitumor Therapy.Drug design, development and therapy · 2024Review
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment is of prognostic and therapeutic import. These immune cell subsets can be heterogeneous and are composed of mature antigen-presenting cells, helper and effector cytotoxic T cells, toleragenic dendritic cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and regulatory T cells, among other cell types. With the development of novel drugs that target the immune system rather than the cancer cells, the tumor immune microenvironment is not only prognostic for overall patient outcome, but also predictive for likelihood of response to these immune-targeted therapies. Such therapies aim to reverse the cancer immunotolerance and trigger an effective antitumor immune response. Two major families of immunostimulatory drugs are currently in clinical development: pattern recognition receptor agonists (PRRago) and immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies (ISmAb). Despite their immune-targeted design, these agents have so far been developed clinically as if they were typical anticancer drugs. Here, we review the limitations of this conventional approach, specifically addressing the shortcomings of the usual schedules of intravenous infusions every 2 or 3 weeks. If the new modalities of immunotherapy target specific immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, it might be preferable to deliver them locally into the tumor rather than systemically. There is preclinical and clinical evidence that a therapeutic systemic antitumor immune response can be generated upon intratumoral immunomodulation. Moreover, preclinical results have shown that therapeutic synergy can be obtained by combining PRRagos and ISmAbs to the local tumor site.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.