ReviewAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences2014
The insula: a critical neural substrate for craving and drug seeking under conflict and risk.
Review in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04432064 (Temporal Interference Neurostimulation and Addiction), which is not on this map. Cited by 206 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Temporal Interference Neurostimulation and Addiction
Who cites it
206 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 339 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cognitive reappraisal of food craving and emotions: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of fMRI studies.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- Do mindfulness-based interventions change brain function in people with substance dependence? A systematic review of the fMRI evidence.BMC psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Distinct brain structural abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders: A comparative meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- "Wanting" versus "needing" related value: An fMRI meta-analysis.Brain and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- Neural mechanisms of brand love relationship dynamics: Is the development of brand love relationships the same as that of interpersonal romantic love relationships?Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Neural cue reactivity and intrinsic functional connectivity in individuals with alcohol use disorder following treatment with topiramate or naltrexone.Psychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Efficacy and Neural Mechanisms of Mindfulness Meditation Among Adults With Internet Gaming Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Psilocybin-induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder: an fMRI pilot study.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- The effects of nalmefene on the impulsive and reflective system in alcohol use disorder: A resting-state fMRI study.Psychopharmacology · 2022Trial
- Functional and clinical outcomes of FMRI-based neurofeedback training in patients with alcohol dependence: a pilot study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2022Trial
- Drinking reduction during cognitive behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorder is associated with a reduction in anterior insula-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis resting-state functional connectivity.Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research · 2021Trial
- The impacts of actual and perceived nicotine administration on insula functional connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces resting-state insula activity and modulates functional connectivity of the orbitofrontal cortex in cigarette smokers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017Trial
- Intra-individual changes in Stroop-related activations linked to cigarette abstinence in adolescent tobacco smokers: Preliminary findings.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2016Trial
- An fMRI-Based Neural Signature of Decisions to Smoke Cannabis.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2015Trial
- Prefrontal Neurons Projecting to the Dorsomedial Striatum and Insular Cortex Support Reward Learning.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Linking Affective Symptoms and Brain Morphology in Cocaine Use Disorder: An Integrated Network Approach.European addiction research · 2026Article
- Reimagining the Biopsychosocial Model: Transdiagnostic Factors to Precision Psychiatry.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- How the brain represents a romantic partner: Dissociable roles of the nucleus accumbens and anterior insula.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
146 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Drug addiction is characterized by the inability to control drug use when it results in negative consequences or conflicts with more adaptive goals. Our previous work showed that damage to the insula disrupted addiction to cigarette smoking-the first time that the insula was shown to be a critical neural substrate for addiction. Here, we review those findings, as well as more recent studies that corroborate and extend them, demonstrating the role of the insula in (1) incentive motivational processes that drive addictive behavior, (2) control processes that moderate or inhibit addictive behavior, and (3) interoceptive processes that represent bodily states associated with drug use. We then describe a theoretical framework that attempts to integrate these seemingly disparate findings. In this framework, the insula functions in the recall of interoceptive drug effects during craving and drug seeking under specific conditions where drug taking is perceived as risky and/or where there is conflict between drug taking and more adaptive goals. We describe this framework in an evolutionary context and discuss its implications for understanding the mechanisms of behavior change in addiction treatments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.