ReviewCNS drugs2014
Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease: progress in clinical trials from the newly approved istradefylline to drugs in early development and those already discontinued.
Review in CNS drugs, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- Caffeine as symptomatic treatment for Parkinson disease (Café-PD): A randomized trial.Neurology · 2017Trial
- Adenosine Signaling as a Central Integrative Network in Cellular Stress Responses and a Therapeutically Actionable Target in Human Disease.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Discovery of Potent 1,3-Cyclobutane-Containing Dual AACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- Mechanistic multiscale modeling identifies putative natural tri-target candidates of MAO-B, LRRK2 and A₂A for Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Organosulfur Compounds: Potential Therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease.CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2026Review
- Adenosine A2A signaling in mood disorders: How far have we come?IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- A comprehensive review of natural compounds and their structure-activity relationship in Parkinson's disease: exploring potential mechanisms.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Discovery of the First Efficacious Adenosine 2A Receptor Negative Allosteric Modulators for High Adenosine Cancer Immunotherapies.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Integrating bulk-RNA sequencing and single-cell sequencing analyses to characterize adenosine-enriched tumor microenvironment landscape and develop an adenosine-related prognostic signature predicting immunotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma.Functional & integrative genomics · 2024Article
- Future Directions for Developing Non-dopaminergic Strategies for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Caffeine-folic acid-loaded-chitosan nanoparticles combined with methotrexate as a novel HepG2 immunotherapy targeting adenosine A2A receptor downstream cascade.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2023Article
- In Silico Neuroprotective Effects of SpecificInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The expression of the adenosine pathway markers CD39 and CD73 in salivary gland carcinomas harbors the potential for novel immune checkpoint inhibition.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- The adenosinergic machinery in cancer: In-tandem insights from basic mechanisms to therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- An Update on Nondopaminergic Treatments for Motor and Non-motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Review
- Therapeutic Approaches to Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: A Current Update on Preclinical Evidence.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Article
- Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Emerging Treatment Strategies.Cells · 2022Review
- Phosphorylation Signals Downstream of Dopamine Receptors in Emotional Behaviors: Association with Preference and Avoidance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neurotransmitters other than dopamine, such as norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, glutamate, adenosine and acetylcholine, are involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) and contribute to its symptomatology. Thus, the progress of non-dopaminergic therapies for PD has attracted much interest in recent years. Among new classes of drugs, adenosine A2A antagonists have emerged as promising candidates. The development of new highly selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, and their encouraging anti-parkinsonian responses in animal models of PD, has provided a rationale for clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic potential and the safety of these agents in patients with PD. To date, the clinical research regarding A2A antagonists and their potential utilization in PD therapy continues to evolve between drugs just or previously discontinued (preladenant and vipadenant), new derivatives in development (tozadenant, PBF-509, ST1535, ST4206 and V81444) and the relatively old drug istradefylline, which has finally been licensed as an anti-parkinsonian drug in Japan. All these compounds have been shown to have a good safety profile and be well tolerated. Moreover, results from phase II and III trials also demonstrate that A2A antagonists are effective in reducing off-time, without worsening troublesome dyskinesia, and in increasing on-time with a mild increase of non-troublesome dyskinesia, in patients at an advanced stage of PD treated with L-DOPA. In addition, early findings suggest that A2A antagonists might also be efficacious as monotherapy in patients at an early stage of PD. This review summarizes pharmacological and clinical data available on istradefylline, tozadenant, PBF-509, ST1535, ST4206, V81444, preladenant and vipadenant.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.