ReviewToxins2014
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and its dipteran-specific toxins.
Review in Toxins, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Biopesticides as an eco-friendly approach to mosquitoes and their role in reducing transmission of vector-borne disease: updates and prospects.Pest management science · 2026Review
- Comprehensive Evaluation ofInsects · 2026Article
- Profiling ofJournal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2026Article
- Pollen Exposed to Aerial Pesticide Spray Is a Major Exposure Pathway for Stingless Bees.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Delta-endotoxin production and toxicity enhancement by using vegetable oils as oxygen vectors.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- A Review of Biological and Sustainable Management Approaches forVeterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Enhanced Mosquito Larvicidal Efficacy and Dehairing Properties of Bacillus thuringiensis Serovar israelensis Strain VCRC-B649 Isolated from Malabar Coast, India.Current microbiology · 2025Article
- Essential Role of Non-Conserved α4-HisProtein and peptide letters · 2025Article
- Larvicidal activity ofCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Article
- Bioactive Potential of SomeInsects · 2024Article
- Carry-over effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on tolerant Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a long-lasting microbial larvicide against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti under laboratory and a semi-field trial.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Trophic effects of Bti-based mosquito control on two top predators in floodplain pond mesocosms.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Article
- The use of antigens derived fromHeliyon · 2024Article
- Review
- Mutational analysis of the transmembrane α4-helix of Bacillus thuringiensis mosquito-larvicidal Cry4Aa toxin.Current microbiology · 2024Article
- The Parasporal Body ofBiology · 2023Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is the first Bacillus thuringiensis to be found and used as an effective biological control agent against larvae of many mosquito and black fly species around the world. Its larvicidal activity resides in four major (of 134, 128, 72 and 27 kDa) and at least two minor (of 78 and 29 kDa) polypeptides encoded respectively by cry4Aa, cry4Ba, cry11Aa, cyt1Aa, cry10Aa and cyt2Ba, all mapped on the 128 kb plasmid known as pBtoxis. These six δ-endotoxins form a complex parasporal crystalline body with remarkably high, specific and different toxicities to Aedes, Culex and Anopheles larvae. Cry toxins are composed of three domains (perforating domain I and receptor binding II and III) and create cation-selective channels, whereas Cyts are composed of one domain that acts as well as a detergent-like membrane perforator. Despite the low toxicities of Cyt1Aa and Cyt2Ba alone against exposed larvae, they are highly synergistic with the Cry toxins and hence their combinations prevent emergence of resistance in the targets. The lack of significant levels of resistance in field mosquito populations treated for decades with Bti-bioinsecticide suggests that this bacterium will be an effective biocontrol agent for years to come.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.