ArticleGlia2014
Adoptive transfer of cytokine-induced immunomodulatory adult microglia attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DBA/1 mice.
Article in Glia, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Allogeneic MHC-mismatched microglia-like cell replacement as a therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites in defining multiple sclerosis phenotypic continuum.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Limitations and potential strategies of immune checkpoint blockade in age-related neurodegenerative disorders.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS · 2024Review
- Maresin-1 promotes neuroprotection and prevents disease progression in experimental models of multiple sclerosis through metabolic reprogramming and shaping innate and adaptive disease-associated cell types.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The reciprocal interactions between microglia and T cells in Parkinson's disease: a double-edged sword.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Review
- Specific myeloid signatures in peripheral blood differentiate active and rare clinical phenotypes of multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Article
- Myeloid cell-specific topoisomerase 1 inhibition using DNA origami mitigates neuroinflammation.EMBO reports · 2022Article
- PD-1/PD-L Axis in Neuroinflammation: New Insights.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
- Neuroinflammation in Primary Cultures of the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn Is Attenuated in the Presence of Adipose Tissue-Derived Medicinal Signalling Cells (AdMSCs) in a Co-cultivation Model.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Article
- Dural Immune Cells, CGRP, and Migraine.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
- Adoptive transfer of immunomodulatory M2 macrophages suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice via blockading NF-κB pathway.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2021Article
- The Conditioned Medium of Lactobacillus rhamnoides GG Regulates Microglia/Macrophage Polarization and Improves Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.BioMed research international · 2021Article
- Interleukin-4 Programmed Macrophages Suppress Colitis and Do Not Enhance Infectious-Colitis, Inflammation-Associated Colon Cancer or Airway Hypersensitivity.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Emerging Therapeutics for Immune Tolerance: Tolerogenic Vaccines, T cell Therapy, and IL-2 Therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Sex-Specific Effects of Microglia-Like Cell Engraftment during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Subacute metformin treatment reduces inflammation and improves functional outcome following neonatal hypoxia ischemia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2020Article
- CD4+ T cell expression of the IL-10 receptor is necessary for facial motoneuron survival after axotomy.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2020Article
- Gas6 Inhibits Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Inflammatory Pathways in Mouse MicrogliaFrontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglia are resident antigen-presenting cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that either suppress or promote disease depending on their activation phenotype and the microenvironment. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease causing demyelination and nerve loss in the CNS, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of MS that is widely used to investigate pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic effects. We isolated and cultured microglia from adult mouse brains and exposed them to specific combinations of stimulatory molecules and cytokines, the combination of IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β yielding the optimal regime for induction of an immunosuppressive phenotype (M2). M2 microglia were characterized by decreased expression or production of CD86, PD-L1, nitric oxide, and IL-6, increased expression of PD-L2, and having a potent capacity to retain their phenotype on secondary proinflammatory stimulation. M2 microglia induced regulatory T cells, suppressed T-cell proliferation, and downmodulated M1-associated receptor expression in M1 macrophages. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE was induced in DBA/1 mice and at different time points (0, 5, 12, or 15 days postimmunization) 3 × 105 M2 microglia were transferred intranasally. A single transfer of M2 microglia attenuated the severity of established EAE, which was particularly obvious when the cells were injected at 15 days postimmunization. M2 microglia-treated mice had reduced inflammatory responses and less demyelination in the CNS. Our findings demonstrate that adult M2 microglia therapy represents a novel intervention that alleviated established EAE and that this therapeutic principle may have relevance for treatment of MS patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.