ArticlePLoS genetics2014
Selection of orphan Rhs toxin expression in evolved Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- A type VI secretion ADP-ribosyltransferase Rhs toxin selectively modifies charged tRNAThr(GGU) anticodon loops to block ACC codon decoding.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Type VIIb secretion systems in Lactobacillales: insights from streptococci and enterococci.Journal of bacteriology · 2026Review
- Specific and broad-spectrum antibacterial effectors of type VI secretion system drive competition ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- The M91 metallopeptidase domain of the T6SS effector protein SED_RS06335 encoded in Salmonella Dublin SPI-19 exhibits antibacterial activity.BMC research notes · 2026Article
- Systematic identification of Salmonella T6SS effectors uncovers diverse new families and lipid-targeting activities.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- The SPI-6 T6SS gene cluster fromFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- The SPI-20 and SPI-21 T6SS gene clusters fromFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
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- First-in-class inhibitors of SbnA reduce siderophore production in Staphylococcus aureus.The FEBS journal · 2025Article
- Deciphering theJournal of bacteriology · 2025Review
- Not just passengers: effectors contribute to the assembly of the type VI secretion system as structural building blocks.Journal of bacteriology · 2025Review
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- Advanced glycation end-product crosslinking activates a type VI secretion system phospholipase effector protein.Nature communications · 2024Article
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- Genomic analysis ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- The role of proteinaceous toxins secreted byFEMS microbes · 2024Review
- Rhs NADase effectors and their immunity proteins are exchangeable mediators of inter-bacterial competition in Serratia.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Recent insights into mechanisms of cellular toxicity and cell recognition associated with the ABC family of pore-forming toxins.Biochemical Society transactions · 2023Article
- Transfer of T6SSPolish journal of microbiology · 2023Article
- Identification and distribution of new candidate T6SS effectors encoded inFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Clonally derived bacterial populations exhibit significant genotypic and phenotypic diversity that contribute to fitness in rapidly changing environments. Here, we show that serial passage of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 (StLT2) in broth, or within a mouse host, results in selection of an evolved population that inhibits the growth of ancestral cells by direct contact. Cells within each evolved population gain the ability to express and deploy a cryptic "orphan" toxin encoded within the rearrangement hotspot (rhs) locus. The Rhs orphan toxin is encoded by a gene fragment located downstream of the "main" rhs gene in the ancestral strain StLT2. The Rhs orphan coding sequence is linked to an immunity gene, which encodes an immunity protein that specifically blocks Rhs orphan toxin activity. Expression of the Rhs orphan immunity protein protects ancestral cells from the evolved lineages, indicating that orphan toxin activity is responsible for the observed growth inhibition. Because the Rhs orphan toxin is encoded by a fragmented reading frame, it lacks translation initiation and protein export signals. We provide evidence that evolved cells undergo recombination between the main rhs gene and the rhs orphan toxin gene fragment, yielding a fusion that enables expression and delivery of the orphan toxin. In this manner, rhs locus rearrangement provides a selective advantage to a subpopulation of cells. These observations suggest that rhs genes play important roles in intra-species competition and bacterial evolution.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.