ReviewF1000prime reports2014
The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment.
Review in F1000prime reports, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 2,614 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Monocyte Differentiation and Macrophage Polarization in Circulation in Response to Macronutrient Intake in Healthy Humans: A Randomized Clinical Study
Anakinra for Dengue Patients With Hyperinflammation - a Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial
Who cites it
2,614 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 4,608 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Modulation of the response to immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: the role of the microbiota and microbial metabolites in the tumor microenvironment.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- β2-adrenergic receptor agonist regulates macrophage polarization via HMGB1 in immune thrombocytopenia.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Macrophage polarization plasticity in pulmonary fibrosis: a review from pathogenesis to therapeutic targeting.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Why antibody isotype matters for immunotherapy.Antibody therapeutics · 2026Review
- The Imbalance Between Tumor Immunosurveillance and Tumor Immune Escape in Glioblastoma.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Review
- Curcumin Improves Silica Induced Lung Fibrosis by Targeting TLR4-NLRP3 Inflammasome and TGF-β Inhibition in Mice Model.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026Article
- The role of the adipose-derived Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) secretome as an immunomodulator in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases through NF-κB and macrophage reprogramming.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Integrative multi-omics analysis identifies LIPA as a prognostic hub and ferroptosis regulator in lung adenocarcinoma.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Immune-stromal interactions at the crossroads of tissue injury, repair, and tumor progression.Med (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Review
- Macrophage-enteric nervous system crosstalk in Hirschsprung disease and associated enterocolitis: a focused narrative review with clinical implications.Pediatric surgery international · 2026Review
- Dynamic cellular programs of human cardiac allograft rejection revealed by spatial transcriptomics.Nature cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Autologous Cell Therapy for Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia: Towards Personalized Medicine.Angiology · 2026Review
- Treatment with Neuronal-Induced Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Functional Recovery of Acute Spinal Cord Injury through Attenuating Astrogliosis and Neurotoxic Astrocyte Activation.Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society · 2026Article
- Elevated Serum Soluble CD163 Indicates Macrophage Activation: A Potential Biomarker for Inflammation in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome?Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain · 2026Article
- Immunohistological characterization of equine synovial tissue in metacarpophalangeal joints of different ages and osteoarthritis status.Osteoarthritis and cartilage open · 2026Article
- Mechanism-Oriented Biomaterial Strategies for Bone Regeneration in BRONJ: From Pathological Barriers to Evidence-Matched Repair.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Fibrin-rich environment drives catheter-associated UTIs by suppressing macrophage defenses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Secretory Factors and Macrophage Functional Remodeling: Mechanistic Advances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
2,554 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages are endowed with a variety of receptors for lineage-determining growth factors, T helper (Th) cell cytokines, and B cell, host, and microbial products. In tissues, macrophages mature and are activated in a dynamic response to combinations of these stimuli to acquire specialized functional phenotypes. As for the lymphocyte system, a dichotomy has been proposed for macrophage activation: classic vs. alternative, also M1 and M2, respectively. In view of recent research about macrophage functions and the increasing number of immune-relevant ligands, a revision of the model is needed. Here, we assess how cytokines and pathogen signals influence their functional phenotypes and the evidence for M1 and M2 functions and revisit a paradigm initially based on the role of a restricted set of selected ligands in the immune response.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.