Trial reportPloS one2014
Human traumatic brain injury induces autoantibody response against glial fibrillary acidic protein and its breakdown products.
Trial report in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 108 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 195 citations in OpenAlex.
- GFAP and S100B: What You Always Wanted to Know and Never Dared to Ask.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Proteomic and biomarker studies and neurological complications of pediatric sickle cell disease.Proteomics. Clinical applications · 2014Pooled it
- Glasgow Outcome Scale Measures and Impact on Analysis and Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2019Trial
- Natural anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies are associated with lower risk for depression and PTSD symptoms after traumatic brain injury.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Temporal profiling of hippocampal astrocyte reactivity reveals persistent GFAP cleavage and complement C3 association after status epilepticus.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Neurocognitive Aging Following Acute Illness: Pathobiology and a Framework for Developing Neurotherapeutic Agents.Brain and behavior · 2026Review
- Research progress on biomarkers of traumatic brain injury.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Detection of neural autoantibodies in dogs with non-infectious inflammatory central nervous system disorders.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2026Article
- Serum Cortisol and Interleukin-6 as Key Biomarkers for a Diagnostic Algorithm of Combat-Related PTSD.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- The molecular architecture of severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: integrated omics reveal therapeutic pathways.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Observational
- The Role of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in the Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease and Its Potential as a Blood Biomarker for Early Diagnosis and Progression.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Inflammatory, White Matter, and Neurodegenerative Mechanisms in Fluid Ability Decrements in Chronic Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2025Article
- Deciphering the Structural Biology of GFAP: Connotations of Its Potency in Presaging the Diagnosis for Traumatic Brain Injury and AD.Neurology international · 2025Review
- Postmortem biochemistry of GFAP, NSE and S100B in cerebrospinal fluid and in vitreous humor for estimation of postmortem interval: a pilot study.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2025Article
- Novel Perspectives Focused on the Relationship Between Herpesvirus Encephalitis and Anti-GFAP-Antibody-Positive Astrocytopathy.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- [Isolation and proteomics analysis of cerebrospinal fluid exosome subtypes].Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography · 2025Article
- A Comparative Study of 141 Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Immunoglobulin G Positive Cases.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Exploring Calcium Channels as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Blast Traumatic Brain Injury.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Brain injury biomarkers and applications in neurological diseases.Chinese medical journal · 2025Review
- Clinical characteristics of patients with GFAP-IgG coexisting with AQP4-IgG or MOG-IgG.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
21 authors at 9 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The role of systemic autoimmunity in human traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other forms of brain injuries is recognized but not well understood. In this study, a systematic investigation was performed to identify serum autoantibody responses to brain-specific proteins after TBI in humans. TBI autoantibodies showed predominant immunoreactivity against a cluster of bands from 38-50 kDa on human brain immunoblots, which were identified as GFAP and GFAP breakdown products. GFAP autoantibody levels increased by 7 days after injury, and were of the IgG subtype predominantly. Results from in vitro tests and rat TBI experiments also indicated that calpain was responsible for removing the amino and carboxyl termini of GFAP to yield a 38 kDa fragment. Additionally, TBI autoantibody staining co-localized with GFAP in injured rat brain and in primary rat astrocytes. These results suggest that GFAP breakdown products persist within degenerating astrocytes in the brain. Anti-GFAP autoantibody also can enter living astroglia cells in culture and its presence appears to compromise glial cell health. TBI patients showed an average 3.77 fold increase in anti-GFAP autoantibody levels from early (0-1 days) to late (7-10 days) times post injury. Changes in autoantibody levels were negatively correlated with outcome as measured by GOS-E score at 6 months, suggesting that TBI patients with greater anti-GFAP immune-responses had worse outcomes. Due to the long lasting nature of IgG, a test to detect anti-GFAP autoantibodies is likely to prolong the temporal window for assessment of brain damage in human patients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.