Trial reportPloS one2014
The Association between active and passive smoking and latent tuberculosis infection in adults and children in the united states: results from NHANES.
Trial report in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Second-hand smoke and the risk of tuberculosis: a systematic review and a meta-analysis.Epidemiology and infection · 2015Pooled it
- Exposure to second-hand smoke and the risk of tuberculosis in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 observational studies.PLoS medicine · 2015Pooled it
- Predictors of TB disease in HIV-exposed children from Southern Africa.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2023Trial
- Iron, Tuberculosis, and Particle-Related Exposures Including Smoking.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Household Contacts of Drug-sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients: A Cross-sectional Study from Medan, Indonesia.Acta medica Philippina · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of Latent Tuberculosis in Moroccan Healthcare Workers: Prevalence Patterns and Predisposing Factors.Cureus · 2024Article
- Smoking Exposure and the Risk of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Results from NHANES 2011-2012.Toxics · 2024Article
- Tuberculosis Infection in Children and Adolescents.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Possible sex difference in latent tuberculosis infection risk among close tuberculosis contacts.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Observational
- The association between diabetes status and latent-TB IGRA levels from a cross-sectional study in eastern China.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Predictors of tuberculosis disease in smokers: a case-control study in northeastern Malaysia.PeerJ · 2022Article
- Indoor Air Pollution and Susceptibility to Tuberculosis Infection in Urban Vietnamese Children.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2021Article
- Association between household solid fuel use and tuberculosis: cross-sectional data from the Mongolian National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2021Article
- Phenotype Definition for "Resisters" toFrontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Functional Polymorphism in theFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in the United States.Clinics in chest medicine · 2019Review
- More Than Malnutrition: A Review of the Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Tuberculosis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2019Review
- QuantiFERON-TB Gold Test Conversion Is Associated with Active Tuberculosis Development in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Treated with Biological Agents: An Experience of a Medical Center in Taiwan.Gastroenterology research and practice · 2019Article
- Article
- Available from Available from A cluster of tuberculosis cases linked to smoking: An under-recognized challenge for tuberculosis elimination.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFew studies assessing the relationship between active and passive smoking and tuberculosis have used biomarkers to measure smoke exposure. We sought to determine the association between active and passive smoking and LTBI in a representative sample of US adults and children.
methodsWe used the 1999-2000 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset with tuberculin skin test (TST) data to assess the association between cotinine-confirmed smoke exposure and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among adults ages ≥20 years (n = 3598) and children 3-19 years (n = 2943) and estimate the prevalence of smoke exposure among those with LTBI. Weighted multivariate logistic regression was used to measure the associations between active and passive smoking and LTBI.
resultsLTBI prevalence in 1999-2000 among cotinine-confirmed active, passive, and non-smoking adults and children was 6.0%, 5.2%, 3.3% and 0.3%, 1.0%, 1.5%, respectively. This corresponds to approximately 3,556,000 active and 3,379,000 passive smoking adults with LTBI in the US civilian non-institutionalized population in 1999-2000. Controlling for age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, birthplace (US vs. foreign-born), household size, and having ever lived with someone with TB, adult active smokers were significantly more likely to have LTBI than non-smoking adults (AOR = 2.31 95% CI 1.17-4.55). Adult passive smokers also had a greater odds of LTBI compared with non-smokers, but this association did not achieve statistical significance (AOR = 2.00 95% CI 0.87-4.60). Neither active or passive smoking was associated with LTBI among children. Among only the foreign-born adults, both active (AOR = 2.56 (95% CI 1.20-5.45) and passive smoking (AOR = 2.27 95% CI 1.09-4.72) were significantly associated with LTBI.
conclusionsActive adult smokers and both foreign-born active and passive smokers in the United States are at elevated risk for LTBI. Targeted smoking prevention and cessation programs should be included in comprehensive national and international TB control efforts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.