ArticlePloS one2014
Three weeks of murine hindlimb unloading induces shifts from B to T and from th to tc splenic lymphocytes in absence of stress and differentially reduces cell-specific mitogenic responses.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Cell Dysregulation in Hindlimb Unloading Mouse Model: Implications for Space Applications.Journal of biomedical physics & engineering · 2026Article
- Astroimmunology: the effects of spaceflight and its associated stressors on the immune system.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Challenges and Countermeasures for Ensuring Health and Drug Stability During Long-term Space Missions.Current drug discovery technologies · 2026Review
- Resistance and Aerobic Preconditioning Delays Unloading-Induced Multisystemic Physiological Changes: The NEBULA Project.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Using noninvasive imaging to assess manual lymphatic drainage on lymphatic/venous responses in a spaceflight analog.NPJ microgravity · 2024Article
- Hindlimb unloading, a physiological model of microgravity, modifies the murine bone marrow IgM repertoire in a similar manner as aging but less strongly.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2023Article
- Extracellular vesicle distribution and localization in skeletal muscle at rest and following disuse atrophy.Skeletal muscle · 2023Article
- Modeled microgravity alters apoptotic gene expression and caspase activity in the squid-vibrio symbiosis.BMC microbiology · 2022Article
- B-Cell Homeostasis Is Maintained During Two Months of Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest With or Without Antioxidant Supplementation.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Regular Low-Intensity Exercise Prevents Cognitive Decline and a Depressive-Like State Induced by Physical Inactivity in Mice: A New Physical Inactivity Experiment Model.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Article
- Space Radiation Protection Countermeasures in Microgravity and Planetary Exploration.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Article
- Gravitational Experimental Platform for Animal Models, a New Platform at ESA's Terrestrial Facilities to Study the Effects of Micro- and Hypergravity on Aquatic and Rodent Animal Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Simultaneous exposure to chronic irradiation and simulated microgravity differentially alters immune cell phenotype in mouse thymus and spleen.Life sciences in space research · 2021Article
- The Immunomodulatory Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Serum Cytokine Levels in A Mouse Model of Hindlimb Unloading.Cell journal · 2021Article
- The Skeletal Cellular and Molecular Underpinning of the Murine Hindlimb Unloading Model.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Review
- Influence of Microgravity on Apoptosis in Cells, Tissues, and Other Systems In Vivo and In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Approaching Gravity as a Continuum Using the Rat Partial Weight-Bearing Model.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- How does spaceflight affect the acquired immune system?NPJ microgravity · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extended space missions are known to induce stress and immune dysregulation. Hindlimb unloading is a ground-based model used to reproduce most spaceflight conditions. The aim of this study was to better characterize the consequences of prolonged exposure to hindlimb unloading on murine splenic lymphocyte sub-populations. To ensure that the observed changes were not due to tail restraint but to the antiorthostatic position, three groups of mice were used: control (C), orthostatic restrained (R) and hindlimb unloaded (HU). After 21 days of exposure, no difference in serum corticosterone levels nor in thymus and spleen weights were observed between HU mice and their counterparts, revealing a low state of stress. Interestingly, flow cytometric analyses showed that B cells were drastically reduced in HU mouse spleens by 59% and, while the T cells number did not change, the Th/Tc ratio was decreased. Finally, the use of a fluorescent dye monitoring lymphoproliferation demonstrated that lymphocyte response to mitogen was reduced in Th and Tc populations and to a greater extent in B cells. Thus, we showed for the first time that, even if restraint has its own effects on the animals and their splenic lymphocytes, the prolonged antiorthostatic position leads, despite the absence of stress, to an inversion of the B/T ratio in the spleen. Furthermore, the lymphoproliferative response was impaired with a strong impact on B cells. Altogether, these results suggest that B cells are more affected by hindlimb unloading than T cells which may explain the high susceptibility to pathogens, such as gram-negative bacteria, described in animal models and astronauts.
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