Observational studyCritical care (London, England)2014
Vitamin D status and its association with season, hospital and sepsis mortality in critical illness.
Observational study in Critical care (London, England), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 70 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Correction of Vitamin D Deficiency in Critically Ill Patients: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial ("VITDAL@ICU")
Vitamin D Supplementation and Covid-19: a Randomised, Double- Blind, Controlled Study
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 154 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D status was associated with sepsis in critically ill children: A PRISMA compliant systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Vitamin D deficiency and clinical outcomes related to septic shock in children with critical illness: a systematic review.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Pooled it
- Significant association between vitamin D deficiency and sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC anesthesiology · 2015Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association between vitamin D deficiency and mortality in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.Critical care (London, England) · 2014Pooled it
- Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for infection, sepsis and mortality in the critically ill: systematic review and meta-analysis.Critical care (London, England) · 2014Pooled it
- Trial
- Vitamin D Supplementation and Clinical Outcomes in Severe COVID-19 Patients-Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Trying to identify who may benefit most from future vitamin D intervention trials: a post hoc analysis from the VITDAL-ICU study excluding the early deaths.Critical care (London, England) · 2019Trial
- Impact of high-dose vitamin DNutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · 2017Trial
- Fibroblast growth factor 23 in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: a biomarker substudy of the Intraaortic Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock II (IABP-SHOCK II) trial.Critical care (London, England) · 2014Trial
- Long-term bone metabolism outcomes in critically Ill patients with sepsis: a prospective series study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The Role of Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor in Sepsis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Sepsis: An Overview of Current Therapies and Future Research.Journal of clinical practice and research · 2025Review
- Effect of Single High Dose Vitamin D Administration in Critically Ill Vitamin D-deficient Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Trial.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2025Article
- What do we know about micronutrients in critically ill patients? A narrative review.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2025Review
- Vitamin D Supplementation in Critically Ill-Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Article
- Dietary patterns and micronutrients in respiratory infections including COVID-19: a narrative review.BMC public health · 2024Review
- Impact of Iron Profile and Vitamin D Levels on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Cross-sectional Analysis at a Tertiary Care Center.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2024Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionVitamin D plays a key role in immune function. Deficiency may aggravate the incidence and outcome of infectious complications in critically ill patients. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and the correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) and hospital mortality, sepsis mortality and blood culture positivity.
methodsIn a single-center retrospective observational study at a tertiary care center in Graz, Austria, 655 surgical and nonsurgical critically ill patients with available 25(OH) D levels hospitalized between September 2008 and May 2010 were included. Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, severity of illness, renal function and inflammatory status was performed. Vitamin D levels were categorized by month-specific tertiles (high, intermediate, low) to reflect seasonal variation of serum 25(OH) D levels.
resultsOverall, the majority of patients were vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/ml; 60.2%) or insufficient (≥20 and <30 ng/dl; 26.3%), with normal 25(OH) D levels (>30 ng/ml) present in only 13.6%. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and mean 25(OH) D levels was significantly different in winter compared to summer months (P <0.001). Hospital mortality was 20.6% (135 of 655 patients). Adjusted hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients in the low (hazard ratio (HR) 2.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31 to 3.22) and intermediate (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.06) compared to the high tertile. Sepsis was identified as cause of death in 20 of 135 deceased patients (14.8%). There was no significant association between 25(OH) D and C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocyte count or procalcitonin levels. In a subgroup analysis (n = 244), blood culture positivity rates did not differ between tertiles (23.1% versus 28.2% versus 17.1%, P = 0.361).
conclusionsLow 25(OH) D status is significantly associated with mortality in the critically ill. Intervention studies are needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D substitution on mortality and sepsis rates in this population.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.