Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24658173›Full record

ArticleNature nanotechnology2014

All-water-based electron-beam lithography using silk as a resist.

Sunghwan Kim, Benedetto Marelli, Mark A Brenckle, Alexander N Mitropoulos, Eun-Seok Gil, Konstantinos Tsioris, Hu Tao, David L Kaplan, Fiorenzo G Omenetto

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature nanotechnology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
66citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

66 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Nanostructured Protein Surfaces Inspired by Spider Silk.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025
    Review
  3. Pollen-inspired biopolymer-based multifunctional films.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Two-dimensional silk.Science advances · 2024
    Article
  9. Review
  10. Design and Development of Transient Sensing Devices for Healthcare Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024
    Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article

6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Sunghwan Kim1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA [2] [3].
Benedetto Marelli1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA [2].
Mark A BrenckleDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
Alexander N MitropoulosDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
Eun-Seok GilDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
Konstantinos Tsioris1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA [2].
Hu TaoDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
David L KaplanDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
Fiorenzo G Omenetto1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA [2] Department of Physics, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Traditional nanofabrication techniques often require complex lithographic steps and the use of toxic chemicals. To move from the laboratory scale to large scales, nanofabrication should be carried out using alternative procedures that are simple, inexpensive and use non-toxic solvents. Recent efforts have focused on nanoimprinting and the use of organic resists (such as quantum dot-polymer hybrids, DNA and poly(ethylene glycol)), which still require, for the most part, noxious chemicals for processing. Significant advances have been achieved using 'green' resists that can be developed with water, but so far these approaches have suffered from low electron sensitivity, line edge roughness and scalability constraints. Here, we present the use of silk as a natural and biofunctional resist for electron-beam lithography. The process is entirely water-based, starting with the silk aqueous solution and ending with simple development of the exposed silk film in water. Because of its polymorphic crystalline structure, silk can be used either as a positive or negative resist through interactions with an electron beam. Moreover, silk can be easily modified, thereby enabling a variety of 'functional resists', including biologically active versions. As a proof of principle of the viability of all-water-based silk electron-beam lithography (EBL), we fabricate nanoscale photonic lattices using both neat silk and silk doped with quantum dots, green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP).

Indexed as

Membranes, ArtificialGreen Fluorescent ProteinsHorseradish PeroxidaseQuantum DotsSilkWaterGreen Fluorescent ProteinsHorseradish PeroxidaseMembranes, ArtificialSilkWater

Identifiers

PMID24658173

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.