Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24655439›Full record

Trial reportTrials2014

Tailored Implementation for Chronic Diseases (TICD): a protocol for process evaluation in cluster randomized controlled trials in five European countries.

Cornelia Jäger, Tobias Freund, Jost Steinhäuser, Eivind Aakhus, Signe Flottorp, Maciek Godycki-Cwirko, Jan van Lieshout, Jane Krause, Joachim Szecsenyi, Michel Wensing

Abstract readMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in Trials, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Tailored interventions to address determinants of practice.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Cornelia JägerDepartment of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Geb, 37, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany. cornelia.jaeger@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
Tobias Freund
Jost Steinhäuser
Eivind Aakhus
Signe Flottorp
Maciek Godycki-Cwirko
Jan van Lieshout
Jane Krause
Joachim Szecsenyi
Michel Wensing

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn the 'Tailored Implementation for Chronic Diseases (TICD)' project, five tailored implementation programs to improve healthcare delivery in different chronic conditions have been developed. These programs will be evaluated in distinct cluster-randomized controlled trials. This protocol describes the process evaluation across these trials, which aims to identify determinants of change in chronic illness care, to examine the validity of the tailoring methods that were applied, and to analyze the association of implementation activities and the effectiveness of the program.

methodsA multilevel approach was used to develop five tailored implementation interventions. In order to guide the process evaluation in five distinct trials, the study protocols for the cluster randomized trials and the related process evaluations were developed simultaneously and iteratively.

resultsThe process evaluation comprises three main components: a structured survey with health professionals in the trials, semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sample of this study population, and standardized documentation of organizational practice characteristics. Norway will only conduct the qualitative part of the analysis because the survey and documentation of practice characteristics are considered to be not feasible. The evaluation is guided by 'logic models' of the implementation programs: frameworks that specify the linkages between the strategies used, the determinants addressed by tailoring, and the anticipated outcomes. Standardization of measures across trials is sought to facilitate analysis of aggregated data from the trials.

conclusionsThis process evaluation will need to find a balance between standardization of methods across trials and the tailoring of measures to the specificities of each trial.

Indexed as

Delivery of Health CareHealth Services ResearchOutcome and Process Assessment, Health CareResearch DesignChronic DiseaseClinical ProtocolsHumansProgram EvaluationTime FactorsTreatment Outcome

Identifiers

PMID24655439
PMCPMC3994491

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.