ReviewInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2014
Current concepts in the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.
Review in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 130 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 228 citations in OpenAlex.
- Redefining evidence for teprotumumab in thyroid eye disease: an updated meta-analysis of efficacy and safety.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Combined glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of intravenous monoclonal antibodies in patients with moderate-to-severe active Graves'ophthalmopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review of multimodal clinical biomarkers in the management of thyroid eye disease.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2022Pooled it
- The effects of netarsudil ophthalmic solution on the expression of genes involved in fibrogenesis in orbital fibroblasts of patients with thyroid eye disease.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Elevated blood viscosity in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and its association with thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin levels.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multiparametric MRI quantitative metrics for grading and staging graves' ophthalmopathy.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- Hypoxia-Induced Ferroptosis Resistance Drives Orbital Fibrosis in Thyroid Eye Disease.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Review
- Retinal Microvascular and Orbital Structural Alterations in Thyroid Eye Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Exploring the Therapeutic Mechanism of Xiehuo Pingtu San in Treating Thyroid Eye Disease Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.International journal of endocrinology · 2026Article
- Predictive factors for surgical interventions following intravenous glucocorticoid pulse therapy in active moderate-to-severe thyroid eye disease.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2025Article
- PDGFRαAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Quadrant asymmetry alteration of retinal degeneration in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin as a non-surgical option for upper eyelid retraction in active thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a prospective interventional study.International ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Thyroid hormone signaling in ocular development and diseases.Biological research · 2025Review
- LSD1 induces H3 K9 demethylation to promote adipogenesis in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2025Article
- Retinal and Choroidal Alterations in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: A Systematic Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Relevance and Potential Role of Orbital Fat in Inflammatory Orbital Diseases: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2025Review
- PAPP-A as a Potential Target in Thyroid Eye Disease.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune condition. At its core, stimulatory autoantibodies are directed at the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), resulting in dysregulated thyroid gland activity and growth. Closely associated with GD is the ocular condition known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). The pathogenesis of TAO remains enigmatic as do the connections between the thyroid and orbit. This review highlights the putative molecular mechanisms involved in TAO and suggests how these insights provide future directions for identifying therapeutic targets. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors have been suggested as contributory to the development of GD and TAO. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) are expressed at higher levels in the orbital connective tissue from individuals with TAO than in healthy tissues. Together, they form a functional complex and appear to promote signaling relevant to GD and TAO. Orbital fibroblasts display an array of cell surface receptors and generate a host of inflammatory molecules that may participate in T and B cell infiltration. Recently, a population of orbital fibroblasts has been putatively traced to bone marrow-derived progenitor cells, known as fibrocytes, as they express CD45, CD34, CXCR4, collagen I, functional TSHR, and thyroglobulin (Tg). Fibrocytes become more numerous in GD and we believe traffic to the orbit in TAO. Numerous attempts at developing complete animal models of GD have been largely unsuccessful, because they lack fidelity with the ocular manifestations seen in TAO. Better understanding of the pathogenesis of TAO and development of improved animal models should greatly accelerate the identification of medical therapy for this vexing medical problem.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.