ArticlePLoS genetics2014
Modeling 3D facial shape from DNA.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Skeletal and soft-tissue changes in humans with untreated normal occlusion throughout lifetime: a systematic review.Odontology · 2023Pooled it
- The effect of orthodontic treatment on smile attractiveness: a systematic review.Progress in orthodontics · 2023Pooled it
- Advancement in Human Face Prediction Using DNA.Genes · 2023Pooled it
- Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Multiple Loci Influencing Normal Human Facial Morphology.PLoS genetics · 2016Pooled it
- Self-reported aggressiveness does not follow facial masculinization in diverse South Asian populations.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Exploring imputation performance of phenotype-associated SNPs for forensic prediction models.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Facial shape and self-perceived personality traits in young adults.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- How Sex Shapes Facial Morphology in Adults: A 3D Geometric Morphometric Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Fostering equity in precision health through diverse 3D facial data.Frontiers in medical technology · 2026Article
- Moving the Fine Print to the Front Page: Transparent Communication of Facial Genetics Research.Advanced genetics (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Precision in Facial Measurements: Comparative Analysis Between a Digital 3D Scanner and an Analog Instrument.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- De Novo Reconstruction of 3D Human Facial Images from DNA Sequence.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Exploring the association between SNPs and facial morphology in a Spanish population.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Forensic DNA phenotyping: a review on SNP panels, genotyping techniques, and prediction models.Forensic sciences research · 2025Review
- Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Characterization of Facial Sexual Dimorphism in Juveniles.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A study to determine the three-dimensional (3D) facial shape characteristics for a successful FFP3 mask fit.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Sexual Dimorphism: The Interrelation of Shape and Color.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- The face as folded object: Race and the problems with 'progress' in forensic DNA phenotyping.Social studies of science · 2023Article
- Using data-driven phenotyping to investigate the impact of sex on 3D human facial surface morphology.Journal of anatomy · 2023Article
- Gattaca as a lens on contemporary genetics: marking 25 years into the film's "not-too-distant" future.Genetics · 2022Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
23 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Human facial diversity is substantial, complex, and largely scientifically unexplained. We used spatially dense quasi-landmarks to measure face shape in population samples with mixed West African and European ancestry from three locations (United States, Brazil, and Cape Verde). Using bootstrapped response-based imputation modeling (BRIM), we uncover the relationships between facial variation and the effects of sex, genomic ancestry, and a subset of craniofacial candidate genes. The facial effects of these variables are summarized as response-based imputed predictor (RIP) variables, which are validated using self-reported sex, genomic ancestry, and observer-based facial ratings (femininity and proportional ancestry) and judgments (sex and population group). By jointly modeling sex, genomic ancestry, and genotype, the independent effects of particular alleles on facial features can be uncovered. Results on a set of 20 genes showing significant effects on facial features provide support for this approach as a novel means to identify genes affecting normal-range facial features and for approximating the appearance of a face from genetic markers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.