ArticlePloS one2014
HY immune tolerance is common in women without male offspring.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexual Intercourse and Alloimmunity. Influence on Reproduction and Solid Organ Transplantation.Transplantation · 2026Review
- The when, what, and where of naturally-acquired microchimerism.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- Reassessing the Effect of Older Sisters on Sexual Orientation in Men.Archives of sexual behavior · 2021Article
- The role of maternal T cell and macrophage activation in preterm birth: Cause or consequence?Placenta · 2019Review
- Male homosexuality and maternal immune responsivity to the Y-linked protein NLGN4Y.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Article
- LowerJournal of immunology research · 2018Article
- Microchimerism of male origin in a cohort of Danish girls.Chimerism · 2015Article
- Patterns of Immune Regulation in Rhesus Macaque and Human Families.Transplantation direct · 2015Article
- Article
- Naturally acquired microchimerism: implications for transplantation outcome and novel methodologies for detection.Chimerism · 2014Review
- Regulatory T-cells in pregnancy: historical perspective, state of the art, and burning questions.Frontiers in immunology · 2014Review
- Donor parity no longer a barrier for female-to-male hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Chimerism · 2014Article
- Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSex difference is an established risk factor for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)-related complications like graft versus host disease (GVHD). CD8pos cytotoxic T cells specific for Y chromosome-encoded minor Histocompatibility antigens (HY) play an important role therein. Prior to HSC donation, female donors may encounter HY antigens through fetomaternal or transmaternal cell flow, potentially leading to the induction of HY-specific cytotoxic or regulatory immune responses. Whether HY priming occurs independent of parity, and whether HY priming is dependent on the presence of male microchimerism, is as yet unknown.
methodsWe investigated the presence of HY-specific regulatory T cells (Treg) and male microchimerism in 45 healthy women with a fully documented pregnancy and family history. HY peptide-induced linked suppression, a commonly reported functional feature of CD4pos and CD8pos Treg, was measured by trans vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity testing. As source of HY antigens, male microchimerism was analyzed by real-time PCR and defined by the presence of male DNA in at least one purified leukocyte cell type.
resultsHLA class I or class II restricted HY-specific Treg were detected in 26/42 (62%) women eligible for analysis. The prevalence of HY-specific Treg was significantly higher in women who had never given birth to sons than in women with male offspring (p = 0.004). Male microchimerism could be detected in 24 out of 45 (53%) women but did not correlate with the presence of HY specific Treg.
conclusionsHY-specific Treg in women with male offspring have been described previously. Here we show for the first time that, in fact, HY specific Treg are more common in nulliparous women and in parous women with female offspring. Their presence is independent of the presence of male microchimerism. Whether HY-specific Treg presence in female stem cell grafts might decrease the GVHD incidence in male HSCT recipients needs to be investigated.
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