ArticleArthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)2014
Tear cathepsin S as a candidate biomarker for Sjögren's syndrome.
Article in Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Ocular Surface Disorders.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Pooled it
- A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study on the effects of a cathepsin S inhibitor in primary Sjögren's syndrome.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2023Trial
- A comprehensive review of tear fluid proteome alterations in dry eye disease: Insights into pathophysiology and biomarker potential.The ocular surface · 2026Review
- Dynamic progression of ectopic lymphoid structure formation in lacrimal glands of a Sjögren's disease murine model.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The pH-Dependent Specificity of Cathepsin S and Its Implications for Inflammatory Communications and Disease.Biochemistry · 2025Article
- The ocular surface tear film as a biomarker for systemic health.The ocular surface · 2025Review
- Destructive and protective effects and therapeutic targets of IL-36 family cytokines in dry eye disease.The ocular surface · 2025Article
- Article
- A Review of the Tear Film Biomarkers Used to Diagnose Sjogren's Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Integrative multi-omics analysis reveals cellular and molecular insights into primary Sjögren's syndrome.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Recent Advances in Wearable Healthcare Devices: From Material to Application.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Serum and tear autoantibodies from NOD and NOR mice as potential diagnostic indicators of local and systemic inflammation in Sjögren's disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Cathepsin S (CTSS) in IgA nephropathy: an exploratory study on its role as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Editorial: IgA nephropathy: a nephrologist's challenge in 2023.Frontiers in nephrology · 2024Article
- TNF is a critical cytokine in age-related dry eye disease.The ocular surface · 2023Article
- Effects of Cathepsin S Inhibition in the Age-Related Dry Eye Phenotype.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Heterochronic Parabiosis Causes Dacryoadenitis in Young Lacrimal Glands.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Ectopic lymphoid structures in the aged lacrimal glands.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2023Article
- Cysteine Cathepsins as Therapeutic Targets in Immune Regulation and Immune Disorders.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Identification of the shared mechanisms and common biomarkers between Sjögren's syndrome and atherosclerosis using integrated bioinformatics analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in routine practice is largely a clinical one and requires a high index of suspicion by the treating physician. This great dependence on clinical judgment frequently leads to delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Tear protein profiles have been proposed as simple and reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of SS. Given that cathepsin S activity is increased in the lacrimal glands and tears of NOD mice (a murine model of SS), the aim of this study was to explore the clinical utility of using tear cathepsin S (CTSS) activity as a biomarker for SS.
methodsA method to measure CTSS activity in tears eluted from Schirmer's test strips was developed and validated. Schirmer's tests were performed and CTSS activity measurements were obtained in 278 female subjects, including 73 with SS, 79 with rheumatoid arthritis, 40 with systemic lupus erythematosus, 10 with blepharitis, 31 with nonspecific dry eye disease, and 12 with other autoimmune diseases, as well as 33 healthy control subjects.
resultsThe median tear CTSS activity in patients with SS was 4.1-fold higher than that in patients with other autoimmune diseases, 2.1-fold higher than that in patients with nonspecific dry eye disease, and 41.1-fold higher than that in healthy control subjects. Tear CTSS levels were equally elevated in patients with primary SS and those with secondary SS, independent of the Schirmer's test strip values or the levels of circulating anti-SSA or anti-SSB antibodies.
conclusionMarkedly high levels of tear CTSS activity are suggestive of SS. CTSS activity in tears can be measured in a simple, quick, economical, and noninvasive manner and may serve as a novel biomarker for autoimmune dacryoadenitis during the diagnostic evaluation for SS.
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