ReviewLearning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)2014
Pain-relief learning in flies, rats, and man: basic research and applied perspectives.
Review in Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 138 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Relief and blunted defensive conditioned responses in girls with non-suicidal self-injury behaviors.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Involvement of the central amygdaloid nucleus in the regulation of sex differences in the stress relief response in mice.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Compromising Tyrosine Hydroxylase Function Extends and Blunts the Temporal Profile of Reinforcement by Dopamine Neurons inThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Injury alters sensory, motor, and integrative elements underlying operant conditioning in the medicinal leech.PloS one · 2025Article
- An externally validated resting-state brain connectivity signature of pain-related learning.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Olfactory navigation in arthropods.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2023Review
- Local 5-HT signaling bi-directionally regulates the coincidence time window for associative learning.Neuron · 2023Article
- Complex representation of taste quality by second-order gustatory neurons in Drosophila.Current biology : CB · 2022Article
- Dopamine activity in projection neurons regulates short-lasting olfactory approach memory in Drosophila.The European journal of neuroscience · 2022Article
- The skin conductance response indicating pain relief is independent of self or social influence on pain.Psychophysiology · 2022Article
- Corticostriatal Suppression of Appetitive Pavlovian Conditioned Responding.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- Multidimensional Pain Modulation by Acupuncture Analgesia: The Reward Effect of Acupuncture on Pain Relief.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2022Review
- Foot shock facilitates reward seeking in an experience-dependent manner.Behavioural brain research · 2021Article
- Article
- Article
- A reinforcement-learning model of active avoidance behavior: Differences between Sprague Dawley and Wistar-Kyoto rats.Behavioural brain research · 2020Article
- Making translation work: Harmonizing cross-species methodology in the behavioural neuroscience of Pavlovian fear conditioning.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2019Review
- Role of the PACAP system of the extended amygdala in the acoustic startle response in rats.Neuropharmacology · 2019Article
- Topography of Reward and Aversion Encoding in the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic System.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Memories relating to a painful, negative event are adaptive and can be stored for a lifetime to support preemptive avoidance, escape, or attack behavior. However, under unfavorable circumstances such memories can become overwhelmingly powerful. They may trigger excessively negative psychological states and uncontrollable avoidance of locations, objects, or social interactions. It is therefore obvious that any process to counteract such effects will be of value. In this context, we stress from a basic-research perspective that painful, negative events are "Janus-faced" in the sense that there are actually two aspects about them that are worth remembering: What made them happen and what made them cease. We review published findings from fruit flies, rats, and man showing that both aspects, respectively related to the onset and the offset of the negative event, induce distinct and oppositely valenced memories: Stimuli experienced before an electric shock acquire negative valence as they signal upcoming punishment, whereas stimuli experienced after an electric shock acquire positive valence because of their association with the relieving cessation of pain. We discuss how memories for such punishment- and relief-learning are organized, how this organization fits into the threat-imminence model of defensive behavior, and what perspectives these considerations offer for applied psychology in the context of trauma, panic, and nonsuicidal self-injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.