ArticleBritish journal of cancer2014
Cigarette smoking and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort.
Article in British journal of cancer, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Modifiable risk factors in women at high risk of breast cancer: a systematic review.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2023Pooled it
- Prediagnostic Smoking Is Associated with Binary and Quantitative Measures of ER Protein andCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2018Trial
- Childhood exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal never smokers: the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Risk factors for breast cancer among women in Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2017: a case-control study.The Pan African medical journal · 2024Article
- Smoking history and breast cancer risk by pathological subtype: MCC-Spain study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Never-smokers and the fraction of breast cancer attributable to second-hand smoke from parents during childhood: the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study 1991-2018.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Heterogenous Effect of Risk Factors on Breast Cancer across the Breast Density Categories in a Korean Screening Population.Cancers · 2020Article
- Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and familial breast cancer risk: findings from the Prospective Family Study Cohort (ProF-SC).Breast cancer research : BCR · 2019Article
- Smoking and breast cancer risk by race/ethnicity and oestrogen and progesterone receptor status: the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study.International journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Number of Risky Lifestyle Behaviors and Breast Cancer Risk.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2018Article
- Awareness and Misconceptions of Breast Cancer Risk Factors Among Laypersons and Physicians.Current oncology reports · 2018Observational
- Epidemiologic Risk Factors for In Situ and Invasive Breast Cancers Among Postmenopausal Women in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2017Article
- Smoking and risk of breast cancer in the Generations Study cohort.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2017Article
- Risk factors for breast cancer in the breast cancer risk model study of Guam and Saipan.Cancer epidemiology · 2017Article
- State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2017Review
- Article
- Breast cancer and exposure to tobacco smoke during potential windows of susceptibility.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2017Article
- Pooled analysis of active cigarette smoking and invasive breast cancer risk in 14 cohort studies.International journal of epidemiology · 2017Article
- The fraction of breast cancer attributable to smoking: The Norwegian women and cancer study 1991-2012.British journal of cancer · 2016Article
- Active smoking and risk of Luminal and Basal-like breast cancer subtypes in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe relationship between cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk has been inconsistent, potentially due to modification by other factors or confounding.
methodsWe examined smoking and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort of 186 150 female AARP (formerly American Association of Retired Persons) members, ages 50-71 years, who joined the study in 1995-96 by responding to a questionnaire. Through 2006, 7481 breast cancers were diagnosed. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated, overall and stratified by breast cancer risk factors, using Cox proportional hazards regression. Multiplicative interactions were evaluated using the likelihood ratio test.
resultsIncreased breast cancer risk was associated with current (HR 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-1.28) and former (HR 1.07, CI 1.01-1.13) smoking. The current smoking association was stronger among women without (HR 1.24, CI 1.15-1.35) as compared to those with a family history of breast cancer (HR 0.94, CI 0.78-1.13) (P-interaction=0.03). The current smoking association was also stronger among those with later (≥ 15 years: HR 1.52, CI 1.20-1.94) as compared with earlier (≥12 years: HR 1.14, CI 1.03-1.27; 13-14 years: HR 1.18, CI 1.05-1.32) ages at menarche (P-interaction=0.03).
conclusionsRisk was elevated in smokers, particularly in those without a family history or late menarche. Research into smoking's effects on the genome and breast development may clarify these relationships.
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