ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Mycobacterial outer membrane is a lipid bilayer and the inner membrane is unusually rich in diacyl phosphatidylinositol dimannosides.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 141 papers.
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Who cites it
141 citing papers in PubMed, 251 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Serve as a Virulence Factor - Current Research Applications.Current microbiology · 2026Review
- Influence of Lipomannan and Lipoarabinomannan Concentration on Mycobacterial Inner Membranes Characterized by All-atom Simulations.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Redefining Therapies for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Synergistic Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides, Nanotechnology, and Computational Design.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Identification and Characterisation of the Gene Cluster Governing Biosynthesis of the Anti-Mycobacterial Antibiotic Acidomycin.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- The lipid language of tuberculosis:mBio · 2026Review
- Linking lipid profile alterations to antibiotic tolerance and natural product synergy in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A highly conserved two-gene operon is crucial for lipoarabinomannan localization, pathogenesis, and cell envelope function inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Tre-DST: A Drug Susceptibility Test forACS infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Laboratory and field performance of 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole against fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria found in metalworking fluid.Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Contribution of Proteins to Membrane and Cell Wall Structures in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Development of force field parameters for the atomic simulation of Mycobacterial membranes.Communications chemistry · 2025Article
- Understanding Cholesterol-Mycolic Acid-Phosphatidylcholine Interactions: Advancing Electrochemical Detection of Tuberculosis.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Persister Cells in Acinetobacter baumannii: Overview of Molecular Mechanisms and Removal Strategies.Environmental microbiology · 2025Review
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis TtfA is a Highly Stable Membrane-Anchored DNA-Binding Protein.The Journal of membrane biology · 2025Article
- Systematic Determination of the Impact of Structural Edits on Peptide Accumulation into Mycobacteria.ACS chemical biology · 2025Article
- Trimming the fat: a brief review of lipids at the host-pathogen interface.Infection and immunity · 2025Review
- Sphingosine kills Mycobacteria and suppresses mycobacterial lung infections.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Article
81 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mycobacterium species, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are unique among Gram-positive bacteria in producing a complex cell wall that contains unusual lipids and functions as a permeability barrier. Lipids in the cell wall were hypothesized to form a bilayer or outer membrane that would prevent the entry of chemotherapeutic agents, but this could not be tested because of the difficulty in extracting only the cell-wall lipids. We used reverse micellar extraction to achieve this goal and carried out a quantitative analysis of both the cell wall and the inner membrane lipids of Mycobacterium smegmatis. We found that the outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains a similar number of hydrocarbon chains as the inner leaflet composed of mycolic acids covalently linked to cell-wall arabinogalactan, thus validating the outer membrane model. Furthermore, we found that preliminary extraction with reverse micelles permitted the subsequent complete extraction of inner membrane lipids with chloroform-methanol-water, revealing that one-half of hydrocarbon chains in this membrane are contributed by an unusual lipid, diacyl phosphatidylinositol dimannoside. The inner leaflet of this membrane likely is composed nearly entirely of this lipid. Because it contains four fatty acyl chains within a single molecule, it may produce a bilayer environment of unusually low fluidity and may slow the influx of drugs, contributing to the general drug resistance phenotype of mycobacteria.
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