Trial reportInternational journal of epidemiology2014
Do population-based interventions widen or narrow socioeconomic inequalities? The case of breastfeeding promotion.
Trial report in International journal of epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Baby-friendly community health services on exclusive breastfeeding and maternal satisfaction: a pragmatic trial.Maternal & child nutrition · 2016Trial
- Socioeconomic differences in childhood length/height trajectories in a middle-income country: a cohort study.BMC public health · 2014Trial
- The line is drawn, the fate is cast: urban-rural inequalities in the timing of initial health check-ups in China.Frontiers in sociology · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding Promotion in Maternity Wards From a Socioeconomic View.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Inequalities in large-scale breastfeeding programmes in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso and Vietnam.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- A retrospective on fundamental cause theory: State of the literature, and goals for the future.Annual review of sociology · 2021Article
- The Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors on Breastfeeding: Findings from the "Mamma & Bambino" Cohort.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2021Article
- Fundamental social causes of inequalities in colorectal cancer mortality: A study of behavioral and medical mechanisms.Heliyon · 2020Article
- Moving Upstream: The Effect of Tobacco Clean Air Restrictions on Educational Inequalities in Smoking Among Young Adults.Demography · 2019Article
- Does the national dental scaling policy reduce inequalities in dental scaling usage? A population-based quasi-experimental study.BMC oral health · 2019Article
- Social Networks and the Emergence of Health Inequalities Following a Medical Advance: Examining Prenatal H1N1 Vaccination Decisions.Social networks · 2019Article
- Hospital breastfeeding support and exclusive breastfeeding by maternal prepregnancy body mass index.Maternal & child nutrition · 2019Article
- Decreased Risk of Preeclampsia After the Introduction of Universal Voucher Scheme for Antenatal Care and Birth Services in the Republic of Korea.Maternal and child health journal · 2017Article
- High education and increased parity are associated with breast-feeding initiation and duration among Australian women.Public health nutrition · 2016Article
- Social inequalities in malaria knowledge, prevention and prevalence among children under 5 years old and women aged 15-49 in Madagascar.Malaria journal · 2015Article
- Arsenic, antibiotics and interventions.International journal of epidemiology · 2014Article
- Commentary: What is a population-based intervention? Returning to Geoffrey Rose.International journal of epidemiology · 2014Article
- Have we left some behind? Trends in socio-economic inequalities in breastfeeding initiation: a population-based epidemiological surveillance study.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite numerous population-based randomized intervention trials, the impact of such interventions on socioeconomic inequalities has rarely been examined. We used data from a large cluster-randomized trial to assess the impact of a breastfeeding promotion intervention on socioeconomic inequalities in breastfeeding (exclusivity and duration) and in child cognitive ability at early school age.
methodsThe Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT) randomized 31 Belarusian maternity hospitals and their affiliated polyclinics either to receive a breastfeeding promotion intervention modelled on the WHO/UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative or to continue the standard practices in effect at the time of randomization. We estimated and compared inequalities in discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding before 3 months and of any breastfeeding before 12 months and in child verbal IQ at age 6.5 years, across maternal education strata between the two intervention arms.
findingsSocioeconomic inequalities in discontinuing exclusive breastfeeding before 3 months were negligible in the control group. However, graded inequalities by maternal education emerged in the intervention group {relative risk [RR] = 1.12 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.20] for partial university and RR = 1.20 [95% CI: 1.11, 1.31] for secondary education or less vs complete university; risk difference [RD] = 0.06 [95% CI: 0.03, 0.09] and 0.10 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.14], respectively}. For discontinuing any breastfeeding before 12 months, small socioeconomic gradients in the control group were widened in the intervention group (RR = 1.04 and 1.16, respectively, for mothers with secondary education or less). Despite these differential effects on breastfeeding, however, we observed a small, nonsignificant reduction in socioeconomic inequalities in child verbal IQ at age 6.5 years.
conclusionsA population-based intervention to promote breastfeeding slightly widened socioeconomic inequalities in breastfeeding but not those in child cognitive ability.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.