ArticleBrain research2014
Tamoxifen and estradiol improved locomotor function and increased spared tissue in rats after spinal cord injury: their antioxidant effect and role of estrogen receptor alpha.
Article in Brain research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of sex hormones in neurological and functional recovery following spinal cord injury in females: a systematic review of the literature.Spinal cord · 2026Pooled it
- Tamoxifen Promotes SustainedInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Tamoxifen as a Therapeutic Intervention for Neurobehavioral Deficits in a Propionic Acid-Induced Autism Model via Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Effect of local epidural application of methylprednisolone acetate on time to ambulation in non-ambulatory dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease: A prospective randomised, blinded control trial.The Veterinary record · 2025Article
- Dopaminergic REST is implicated in the tamoxifen-induced neuroprotection against manganese toxicity in female mice.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Evaluating Sex Steroid Hormone Neuroprotection in Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: Is It Promising in the Clinic?Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, possible treatments and the role of the gut microbiota.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Tibolone Improves Locomotor Function in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury by Modulating Apoptosis and Autophagy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Administration of Tamoxifen Can Regulate Changes in Gene Expression during the Acute Phase of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Article
- The Limited Effects of Estradiol Administration Immediately after Spinal Cord Injury.Puerto Rico health sciences journal · 2023Article
- New Insights on the Toxicity on Heart and Vessels of Breast Cancer Therapies.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Estradiol and Estrogen-like Alternative Therapies in Use: The Importance of the Selective and Non-Classical Actions.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Protective Effects of Estrogen via Nanoparticle Delivery to Attenuate Myelin Loss and Neuronal Death after Spinal Cord Injury.Neurochemical research · 2021Article
- Daidzein Pro-cognitive Effects Coincided with Changes of Brain Neurotensin1 Receptor and Interleukin-10 Expression Levels in Obese Hamsters.Neurotoxicity research · 2021Article
- Role of pyroptosis in spinal cord injury and its therapeutic implications.Journal of advanced research · 2021Review
- Tributyltin Exposure Is Associated With Recognition Memory Impairments, Alterations in Estrogen Receptor α Protein Levels, and Oxidative Stress in the Brain of Female Mice.Frontiers in toxicology · 2021Article
- Developmental Biology in Central America, the northern region of South America and the Caribbean.The International journal of developmental biology · 2021Review
- Microglial and Astrocytic Function in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Estrogenic Modulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Delayed short-term tamoxifen treatment does not promote remyelination or neuron sparing after spinal cord injury.PloS one · 2020Article
- Unraveling Targetable Systemic and Cell-Type-Specific Molecular Phenotypes of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Brains With Digital Cytometry.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
17β-Estradiol is a multi-active steroid that imparts neuroprotection via diverse mechanisms of action. However, its role as a neuroprotective agent after spinal cord injury (SCI), or the involvement of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α) in locomotor recovery, is still a subject of much debate. In this study, we evaluated the effects of estradiol and of Tamoxifen (an estrogen receptor mixed agonist/antagonist) on locomotor recovery following SCI. To control estradiol cyclical variability, ovariectomized female rats received empty or estradiol filled implants, prior to a moderate contusion to the spinal cord. Estradiol improved locomotor function at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post injury (DPI), when compared to control groups (measured with the BBB open field test). This effect was ER-α mediated, because functional recovery was blocked with an ER-α antagonist. We also observed that ER-α was up-regulated after SCI. Long-term treatment (28 DPI) with estradiol and Tamoxifen reduced the extent of the lesion cavity, an effect also mediated by ER-α. The antioxidant effects of estradiol were seen acutely at 2 DPI but not at 28 DPI, and this acute effect was not receptor mediated. Rats treated with Tamoxifen recovered some locomotor activity at 21 and 28 DPI, which could be related to the antioxidant protection seen at these time points. These results show that estradiol improves functional outcome, and these protective effects are mediated by the ER-α dependent and independent-mechanisms. Tamoxifen׳s effects during late stages of SCI support the use of this drug as a long-term alternative treatment for this condition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.