ArticleThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2014
Effects of rhinovirus species on viral replication and cytokine production.
Article in The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rhinovirus-Induced Cytokine Alterations With Potential Implications in Asthma Exacerbations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Optimized Propagation and Purification Protocols for Large-Scale Production of Rhinovirus C.Viruses · 2026Article
- Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human rhinovirus in hospitalized children and adolescents with acute respiratory infections: a longitudinal study in Shenzhen, China (2019-2024).Virology journal · 2025Article
- Clinical Significance of Rhinoviruses and Progress Toward Vaccination.Allergy, asthma & immunology research · 2025Review
- Hidden in plain sight: the impact of human rhinovirus infection in adults.Respiratory research · 2025Review
- The rs6967330 minor allele in CDHR3 is a significant risk factor for severe acute exacerbations in chronic rhinosinusitis.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Respiratory microbiota, host immunity, respiratory viral infections and malignant tumors.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Surfactant Protein A Inhibits Human Rhinovirus C Binding and Infection of Airway Epithelial Cells from Pediatric Asthma.Viruses · 2024Article
- Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infectious Rhinosinusitis.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Human Stimulator of Interferon Genes Promotes Rhinovirus C Replication in Mouse Cells In Vitro and In Vivo.Viruses · 2024Article
- Assessing immune factors in maternal milk and paired infant plasma antibody binding to human rhinoviruses.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The Picornaviridae Family: Knowledge Gaps, Animal Models, Countermeasures, and Prototype Pathogens.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Viral infections and chronic rhinosinusitis.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2023Review
- Rhinovirus induces airway remodeling: what are the physiological consequences?Respiratory research · 2023Review
- Advances in the Relationship between Respiratory Viruses and Asthma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Rhinoviruses A and C elicit long-lasting antibody responses with limited cross-neutralization.Journal of medical virology · 2023Article
- CCL5 is a potential bridge between type 1 and type 2 inflammation in asthma.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEpidemiologic studies provide evidence of differential virulence of rhinovirus species (RV). We recently reported that RV-A and RV-C induced more severe illnesses than RV-B, which suggests that the biology of RV-B might be different from RV-A or RV-C.
objectiveTo test the hypothesis that RV-B has lower replication and induces lesser cytokine responses than RV-A or RV-C.
methodsWe cloned full-length cDNA of RV-A16, A36, B52, B72, C2, C15, and C41 from clinical samples and grew clinical isolates of RV-A7 and RV-B6 in cultured cells. Sinus epithelial cells were differentiated at the air-liquid interface. We tested for differences in viral replication in epithelial cells after infection with purified viruses (10(8) RNA copies) and measured virus load by quantitative RT-PCR. We measured lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration as a marker of cellular cytotoxicity, and cytokine and/or chemokine secretion by multiplex ELISA.
resultsAt 24 hours after infection, the virus load of RV-B (RV-B52, RV-B72, or RV-B6) in adherent cells was lower than that of RV-A or RV-C. The growth kinetics of infection indicated that RV-B types replicate more slowly. Furthermore, RV-B released less LDH than RV-A or RV-C, and induced lower levels of cytokines and chemokines such as CXCL10, even after correction for viral replication. RV-B replicates to lower levels also in primary bronchial epithelial cells.
conclusionsOur results indicate that RV-B types have lower and slower replication, and lower cellular cytotoxicity and cytokine and/or chemokine production compared with RV-A or RV-C. These characteristics may contribute to reduced severity of illnesses that has been observed with RV-B infections.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.