ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2014
Dietary cadmium exposure and risk of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer in the Women's Health Initiative.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental endocrine disruptors and endometrial cancer: a systematic review of epidemiological studies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Environmental endocrine disruptors and endometrial cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cadmium and polychlorinated biphenyls, with emerging evidence on PFAS, phthalates, and bisphenols.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Cadmium exposure and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis.Environmental research · 2023Pooled it
- Endocrine Disruptors and Endometrial Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Implications, a Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Association between dietary intake and risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Association between dietary cadmium exposure and breast cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2015Pooled it
- Sertoli Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Orchestrate Cadmium-Induced Testicular Inflammation and Fibrosis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The Association Between Cadmium Exposure and Endometrial Cancer Risk: Evidence from a Comprehensive Updated Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Integrated zooplankton and heavy metal analysis as indicators of pollution threats in freshwater ecosystems of West Bengal.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Associations between metal exposure and metabolic syndrome: exploring the mediating role of biological ageing among US adults.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- The Role of Heavy Metals in the Biology of Female Cancers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Mitigation of cadmium toxicity in African catfish using biological Nano chitosan: insights into biochemical, genotoxic, and histopathological effects.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Cadmium (Cd)-Induced Malignancy.Biological trace element research · 2025Review
- Modification Effects of Homologous Recombination Repair Gene Polymorphisms on the Associations Between Urinary Metals and Breast Cancer Risk.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Mechanistic role for mTORC1 signaling in profibrotic toxicity of low-dose cadmium.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2025Article
- SHP2-Triggered Endothelial Cell Activation Fuels Estradiol-Independent Endometrial Sterile Inflammation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Protein S-palmitoylation enhances profibrotic signaling in response to cadmium.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2024Article
- Total Effective Xenoestrogen Burden in Serum Samples and Risk of Endometrial Cancer in the Spanish Screenwide Case-Control Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Assessment of salivary cadmium levels and breast density in the Marin Women's Study.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- The dynamic face of cadmium-induced Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms, emerging trends, and future directions.Current research in toxicology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn vitro and animal data suggest that cadmium, a heavy metal that contaminates some foods and tobacco plants, is an estrogenic endocrine disruptor. Elevated estrogen exposure is associated with breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer risk.
objectivesWe examined the association between dietary cadmium intake and risk of these cancers in the large, well-characterized Women's Health Initiative (WHI).
methodsA total of 155,069 postmenopausal women, 50-79 years of age, who were enrolled in the WHI clinical trials or observational study, participated in this study. We estimated dietary cadmium consumption by combining baseline food frequency questionnaire responses with U.S. Food and Drug Administration data on food cadmium content. Participants reported incident invasive breast, endometrial, or ovarian cancer, and WHI centrally adjudicated all cases through August 2009. We applied Cox regression to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for each cancer, comparing quintiles of energy-adjusted dietary cadmium intake.
resultsOver an average of 10.5 years, 6,658 invasive breast cancers, 1,198 endometrial cancers, and 735 ovarian cancers were reported. We observed no statistically significant associations between dietary cadmium and risk of any of these cancers after adjustment for potential confounders including total dietary energy intake. Results did not differ in any subgroup of women examined.
conclusionsWe found little evidence that dietary cadmium is a risk factor for breast, endometrial, or ovarian cancers in postmenopausal women. Misclassification in dietary cadmium assessment may have attenuated observed associations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.