ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2014
Bacillus thuringiensis DB27 produces two novel protoxins, Cry21Fa1 and Cry21Ha1, which act synergistically against nematodes.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacillus thuringiensis Cry5, Cry21, App6 and Xpp55 proteins to control Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Factors Related toLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Abundance, distribution, and expression of nematicidal crystal protein genes in Bacillus thuringiensis strains from diverse habitats.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2023Article
- Multifunctional Properties of aToxins · 2022Article
- Toxicity ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Novel Nematode-Killing Protein-1 (Nkp-1) from a Marine Epiphytic BacteriumBiomedicines · 2021Article
- Use of RNAi as a preliminary tool for screening putative receptors of nematicidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis.Archives of microbiology · 2021Article
- A novel anti-dipteranApplied and environmental microbiology · 2021Article
- Article
- Culture-based analysis of Pristionchus-associated microbiota from beetles and figs for studying nematode-bacterial interactions.PloS one · 2018Article
- Dissimilar Crystal Proteins Cry5Ca1 and Cry5Da1 Synergistically Act against Meloidogyne incognita and Delay Cry5Ba-Based Nematode Resistance.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Article
- Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of a Gene Operon forThe Journal of biological chemistry · 2017Article
- Rhizobacteria with nematicide aptitude: enzymes and compounds associated.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2016Review
- Nematicidal spore-forming Bacilli share similar virulence factors and mechanisms.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Adaptive value of a predatory mouth-form in a dimorphic nematode.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2014Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis has been widely used as a biopesticide, primarily for the control of insect pests, but some B. thuringiensis strains specifically target nematodes. However, nematicidal virulence factors of B. thuringiensis are poorly investigated. Here, we describe virulence factors of nematicidal B. thuringiensis DB27 using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. We show that B. thuringiensis DB27 kills a number of free-living and animal-parasitic nematodes via intestinal damage. Its virulence factors are plasmid-encoded Cry protoxins, since plasmid-cured derivatives do not produce Cry proteins and are not toxic to nematodes. Whole-genome sequencing of B. thuringiensis DB27 revealed multiple potential nematicidal factors, including several Cry-like proteins encoded by different plasmids. Two of these proteins appear to be novel and show high similarity to Cry21Ba1. Named Cry21Fa1 and Cry21Ha1, they were expressed in Escherichia coli and fed to C. elegans, resulting in intoxication, intestinal damage, and death of nematodes. Interestingly, the effects of the two protoxins on C. elegans are synergistic (synergism factor, 1.8 to 2.5). Using purified proteins, we determined the 50% lethal concentrations (LC50s) for Cry21Fa1 and Cry21Ha1 to be 13.6 μg/ml and 23.9 μg/ml, respectively, which are comparable to the LC50 of nematicidal Cry5B. Finally, we found that signaling pathways which protect C. elegans against Cry5B toxin are also required for protection against Cry21Fa1. Thus, B. thuringiensis DB27 produces novel nematicidal protoxins Cry21Fa1 and Cry21Ha1 with synergistic action, which highlights the importance of naturally isolated strains as a source of novel toxins.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.