ReviewTherapeutics and clinical risk management2014
Sexual dimorphism of miRNA expression: a new perspective in understanding the sex bias of autoimmune diseases.
Review in Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of sex and gender in autoimmune thyroid diseases: mechanisms and knowledge gaps.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- Grand challenges in sex differences in immunology: problems the field must solve before biological sex can guide clinical practice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Differences in autoimmune thyroid diseases between females and males: the result of a complex interconnection of factors.Endocrine · 2025Review
- Sexual dimorphism in benign adrenocortical tumours.European journal of endocrinology · 2025Review
- Assessment of XCI skewing and demonstration of XCI escape region based on single-cell RNA sequencing: comparison between female Grave's disease and control.BMC molecular and cell biology · 2025Article
- Impact of Sex on Infection Risk in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Sex differences in disease: sex chromosome and immunity.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- The Estrogen-Autophagy Axis: Insights into Cytoprotection and Therapeutic Potential in Cancer and Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Lifelong medical challenges and immunogenetics of Turner syndrome.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2024Article
- Iodine Nutritional Status and Thyroid Autoimmunity in Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 6-17 Years.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Androgens contribute to sex bias of autoimmunity in mice by T cell-intrinsic regulation of Ptpn22 phosphatase expression.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The role of MicroRNAs as fine-tuners in the onset of puberty: a comprehensive review.Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism · 2024Article
- Sex-Biased Expression and Response of microRNAs in Neurological Diseases and Neurotrauma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Association of ITM2A rs1751094 polymorphism on X chromosome in Korean pediatric patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
- How Does Vitamin D Affect Immune Cells Crosstalk in Autoimmune Diseases?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Cancer and Mortality Risks of Graves' Disease in South Korea Based on National Data from 2010 to 2019.Clinical epidemiology · 2023Article
- Human Melanoma Cells Differentially Express RNASEL/RNase-L and miR-146a-5p under Sex Hormonal Stimulation.Current issues in molecular biology · 2022Article
- Circulating miRNAs in girls with abdominal obesity: miR-221-3p as a biomarker of response to weight loss interventions.Pediatric obesity · 2022Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases encompass a diverse group of diseases which emanate from a dysregulated immune system that launches a damaging attack on its own tissues. Autoimmune attacks on self tissues can occur in any organ or body system. A notable feature of autoimmune disease is that a majority of these disorders occur predominantly in females. The precise basis of sex bias in autoimmune diseases is complex and potentially involves sex chromosomes, sex hormones, and sex-specific gene regulation in response to internal and external stimuli. Epigenetic regulation of genes, especially by microRNAs (miRNAs), is now attracting significant attention. miRNAs are small, non-protein-coding RNAs that are predicted to regulate a majority of human genes, including those involved in immune regulation. Therefore, it is not surprising that dysregulated miRNAs are evident in many diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Because there are marked sex differences in the incidence of autoimmune diseases, this review focuses on the role of sex factors on miRNA expression in the context of autoimmune diseases, an aspect not addressed thus far. Here, we initially review miRNA biogenesis and miRNA regulation of immunity and autoimmunity. We then summarize the recent findings of sexual dimorphism of miRNA expression in diverse tissues, which imply a critical role of miRNA in sex differentiation and in sex-specific regulation of tissue development and/or function. We also discuss the important contribution of the X chromosome and sex hormones to the sexual dimorphism of miRNA expression. Understanding sexually dimorphic miRNA expression in sex-biased autoimmune diseases not only offers us new insight into the mechanism of sex bias of the disease but will also aid us in developing new sex-based therapeutic strategies for the efficient treatment of these diseases with a sex bias.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.