ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2014
Analysis of a summary network of co-infection in humans reveals that parasites interact most via shared resources.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed.
- Counterproductive: coinfection of a water flea by a fungus and a microsporidium reduces the reproductive outputs of all parties.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- An ecological model of vaginal dysbiosis provides new research leads.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Hematological and biochemical profiles, infection and habitat quality in an urban rat population.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- On the Cause and Consequences of Coinfection: A General Mechanistic Framework of Within-Host Parasite Competition.Ecology letters · 2025Review
- The impact of within-host coinfection interactions on between-host parasite transmission dynamics varies with spatial scale.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Experts' Consensus on the Management of Respiratory Disease Syndemic.China CDC weekly · 2024Article
- Host and parasite identity interact in scale-dependent fashion to determine parasite community structure.Oecologia · 2024Article
- Distinct life history strategies underpin clear patterns of succession in microparasite communities infecting a wild mammalian host.Molecular ecology · 2023Article
- Helminth-associated changes in host immune phenotype connect top-down and bottom-up interactions during co-infection.Functional ecology · 2023Article
- Malaria and leishmaniasis: Updates on co-infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Prophylactic effect of cutaneous leishmaniasis against COVID-19: a case-control field assessment.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Article
- Mixed infection, risk projection, and misdirection: Interactions among pathogens alter links between host resources and disease.Ecology and evolution · 2021Article
- Coinfection and infection duration shape how pathogens affect the African buffalo gut microbiota.The ISME journal · 2021Article
- Ticks and Associated Pathogens From Rescued Wild Animals in Rainforest Fragments of Northeastern Brazil.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2020Article
- Characterising interactions between co-infecting parasites using age-intensity profiles.International journal for parasitology · 2020Article
- Variation in Local and Systemic Pro-Inflammatory Immune Markers of Wild Wood Mice after Anthelmintic Treatment.Integrative and comparative biology · 2019Article
- Bovine tuberculosis disturbs parasite functional trait composition in African buffalo.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Infection against infection: parasite antagonism against parasites, viruses and bacteria.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2019Review
- Endemic infection can shape exposure to novel pathogens: Pathogen co-occurrence networks in the Serengeti lions.Ecology letters · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Simultaneous infection by multiple parasite species (viruses, bacteria, helminths, protozoa or fungi) is commonplace. Most reports show co-infected humans to have worse health than those with single infections. However, we have little understanding of how co-infecting parasites interact within human hosts. We used data from over 300 published studies to construct a network that offers the first broad indications of how groups of co-infecting parasites tend to interact. The network had three levels comprising parasites, the resources they consume and the immune responses they elicit, connected by potential, observed and experimentally proved links. Pairs of parasite species had most potential to interact indirectly through shared resources, rather than through immune responses or other parasites. In addition, the network comprised 10 tightly knit groups, eight of which were associated with particular body parts, and seven of which were dominated by parasite-resource links. Reported co-infection in humans is therefore structured by physical location within the body, with bottom-up, resource-mediated processes most often influencing how, where and which co-infecting parasites interact. The many indirect interactions show how treating an infection could affect other infections in co-infected patients, but the compartmentalized structure of the network will limit how far these indirect effects are likely to spread.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.