Trial reportJournal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition2014
Effects of growing-up milk supplemented with prebiotics and LCPUFAs on infections in young children.
Trial report in Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Fortified Formula on Growth and Nutritional Status in Young Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- The Effects of Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Respiratory Tract Infections and Immune Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of fortified milk on growth and nutritional status in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public health nutrition · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- Cow's milk-based beverage consumption in 1- to 4-year-olds and allergic manifestations: an RCT.Nutrition journal · 2016Trial
- Nutrition as a Modifiable Factor in Optimizing Respiratory Health: Evidence from Pulmonary Function Tests.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Gastrointestinal Health and Immunity of Milk Formula Supplemented with a Prebiotic Mixture of Short-Chain Galacto-oligosaccharides and Long-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharides (9:1) in Healthy Infants and Toddlers: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition · 2025Review
- Research on commercial milk formulas for young children: A scoping review.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- Middle East consensus recommendations on the use of young child formula (YCF) in toddlers.Journal of nutritional science · 2022Review
- Nutraceuticals in the Prevention of Viral Infections, including COVID-19, among the Pediatric Population: A Review of the Literature.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections.Nutrients · 2020Review
- Study protocol: optimized complementary feeding study (OTIS): a randomized controlled trial of the impact of a protein-reduced complementary diet based on Nordic foods.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2017Review
- Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies.World journal of gastroenterology · 2016Review
- Effects of orally administered galacto-oligosaccharides on immunological parameters in foals: a pilot study.BMC veterinary research · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of growing-up milk (GUM) with added short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS)/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) (9:1) (Immunofortis) and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) on the occurrence of infections in healthy children attending day care centres.
methodsIn a randomised double-blind controlled, parallel, multicountry intervention study, 767 healthy children, ages 11 to 29 months, received GUM with scGOS/lcFOS/LCPUFAs (the active group, n = 388), GUM without scGOS/lcFOS/LCPUFAs (the control group, n = 379), or cow's milk (n = 37) for 52 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the number of episodes of upper respiratory tract infections or gastrointestinal infections based on a combination of subject's illness symptoms reported by the parents during the intervention period.
resultsChildren in the active group compared with the control group had a decreased risk of developing at least 1 infection (299/388 [77%] vs 313/379 [83%], respectively, relative risk 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-1.00; logistic regression P = 0.03). There was a trend toward a reduction (P = 0.07) in the total number of infections in the active group, which was significant when confirmed by one of the investigators (268/388 [69%] vs 293/379 [77%], respectively, relative risk 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.97; P = 0.004, post hoc). More infectious episodes were observed in the cow's milk group, when compared with both GUM groups (34/37 [92%] vs 612/767 [80%], respectively, relative risk 1.15, 95% CI 1.04-1.28).
conclusionsThis is the first study in children to show a reduced risk of infection following consumption of GUM supplemented with scGOS/lcFOS/n-3 LCPUFAs. The borderline statistical significance justifies a new study to confirm this finding.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.