ArticleOphthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery
Are ethnicity, social grade, and social deprivation associated with severity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy?
Article in Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- The burden of illness in thyroid eye disease: current state of the evidence.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Sex-specific risk factors associated with graves' orbitopathy in Korean patients with newly diagnosed graves' disease.Eye (London, England) · 2023Article
- Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its relationship to income level and employment status: a nationwide population-based study in Spain.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2023Article
- The significance of ophthalmological features in diagnosis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.Biomedical engineering online · 2023Article
- The association of race with thyroid eye disease presentation and outcomes.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2023Article
- The risk factors for Graves' ophthalmopathy.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2022Review
- Disrupted Topological Organization of the Brain Structural Network in Patients With Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- Prognostic indicators for the development of strabismus among patients with graves' ophthalmopathy.Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2017Article
- Expanding Understanding of Thyroid Eye Disease Manifestations to Include Hispanic and Black Patients.Middle East African journal of ophthalmologyObservational
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3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposePrevious studies have extensively investigated the pathophysiology, genetics, and lifestyle risk factors of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). The aim of this study was to investigate the independent contribution of ethnic origin, social grade, and level of social deprivation to TAO severity in a large, multiethnic, and urban population.
methodsRetrospective case note review of all TAO patients seen at Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, United Kingdom over a 14-year period. Ethnicity (White, Asian, or Black) was recorded, and residence postcode was used to determine social grade (National Readership Survey classification) and level of social deprivation (Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007). TAO severity was defined by European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy criteria. Moderate-to-severe: necessity for TAO treatment with oral or intravenous steroid, long-term immunosuppressants, or orbital radiotherapy. Sight-threatening: presence of dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) or need for urgent orbital decompression surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to measure the independent influence of ethnicity, social grade, and social deprivation on indicators of severe TAO.
resultsLower social grade was significantly associated with increased odds ratio (OR) of TAO patients having severe TAO, including treatment with oral (OR: 2.3 (95% CI 1.1-5.1) p = 0.03) and intravenous steroid (OR: 2.6 (95% CI 1.0-7.0) p = 0.04) and DON (OR: 4.0 (95% CI 1.2-12.7) p = 0.02), compared with those of highest social grade. Similar results were observed for social deprivation. Ethnicity had no independent association with any measure of TAO severity.
conclusionsIn this cohort, lower social grade and higher social deprivation, but not ethnicity, had independent, statistically significant association with more severe TAO.
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