ArticleFrontiers in behavioral neuroscience2014
The relationship between executive functions and fluid intelligence in schizophrenia.
Article in Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Working memory and processing speed training in schizophrenia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Trials · 2016Trial
- Fluid Intelligence and Executive Dysfunction in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Polygenic Resilience Scores are Associated With Lower Penetrance of Schizophrenia Risk Genes, Protection Against Psychiatric and Medical Disorders, and Enhanced Mental Well-Being and Cognition.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Executive functioning in schizophrenia using a novel virtual reality-simulated workplace: validity, test-retest reliability, and links to competitive employment.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The evolution of phonemic verbal fluency test: bridging tradition with contemporary insights.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- Exploring the "Tip of the Tongue" and "Feeling of Knowing" Phenomena During Advanced Aging: The Interplay of Age of Acquisition, Vocabulary and Verbal Fluency.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Neural Circuit Mapping and Neurotherapy-Based Strategies.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Psychometric Properties of the Social Attribution Task and Its Relationship With Cognitive Functions.Psychiatry investigation · 2025Article
- Distinct cognitive trajectories in the early course of psychosis are associated with clinical and functional outcomes longitudinally.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025Article
- The associations of negative and disorganization symptoms with verbal fluency in schizophrenia: the mediation effect of processing speed and cognitive flexibility.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Cortico-striatal circuit mechanisms drive the effects of D1 dopamine agonists on memory capacity in mice through cAMP/PKA signalling.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Impulsivity and inhibitory control in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Polygenic Resilience Scores are Associated with Lower Penetrance of Schizophrenia Risk Genes, Protection Against Psychiatric and Medical Disorders, and Enhanced Mental Well-Being and Cognition.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Fluid intelligence and naturalistic task impairments after focal brain lesions.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2022Article
- Executive dysfunction in schizophrenia: Predictors of the discrepancy between subjective and objective measures.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2021Article
- Test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2021Article
- Executive functions predict verbal fluency scores in healthy participants.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- The relationship between executive functions and fluid intelligence in multiple sclerosis.PloS one · 2020Article
- The Role of Inner Speech in Executive Functioning Tasks: Schizophrenia With Auditory Verbal Hallucinations and Autistic Spectrum Conditions as Case Studies.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
- Rule reactivation and capture errors in goal directed behaviour.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
An enduring question is unity vs. separability of executive deficits resulting from impaired frontal lobe function. In previous studies, we have asked how executive deficits link to a conventional measure of fluid intelligence, obtained either by standard tests of novel problem-solving, or by averaging performance in a battery of novel tasks. For some classical executive tasks, such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Verbal Fluency, and Trail Making Test B (TMTB), frontal deficits are entirely explained by fluid intelligence. However, on a second set of executive tasks, including tests of multitasking and decision making, deficits exceed those predicted by fluid intelligence loss. In this paper we discuss how these results shed light on the diverse clinical phenomenology observed in frontal dysfunction, and present new data on a group of 15 schizophrenic patients and 14 controls. Subjects were assessed with a range of executive tests and with a general cognitive battery used to derive a measure of fluid intelligence. Group performance was compared and fluid intelligence was introduced as a covariate. In line with our previous results, significant patient-control differences in classical executive tests were removed when fluid intelligence was introduced as a covariate. However, for tests of multitasking and decision making, deficits remained. We relate our findings to those of previous factor analytic studies describing a single principal component, which accounts for much of the variance of schizophrenic patients' cognitive performance. We propose that this general factor reflects low fluid intelligence capacity, which accounts for much but not all cognitive impairment in this patient group. Partialling out the general effects of fluid intelligence, we propose, may clarify the role of additional, more specific cognitive impairments in conditions such as schizophrenia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.