ReviewBreast cancer research and treatment2014
Breast cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities for prevention.
Review in Breast cancer research and treatment, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 126 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
126 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Stage at Diagnosis and Molecular Subtype Distribution of Breast Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Pooled it
- Deep learning, radiomics and radiogenomics applications in the digital breast tomosynthesis: a systematic review.BMC bioinformatics · 2023Pooled it
- Access to Radiation Therapy and Related Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Cervical and Breast Cancer Across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.JCO global oncology · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review of datasets that can help elucidate relationships among gene expression, race, and immunohistochemistry-defined subtypes in breast cancer.Cancer biology & therapy · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Estimating the incidence of breast cancer in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2018Pooled it
- Delayed presentation and diagnosis of breast cancer in African women: a systematic review.Annals of epidemiology · 2017Pooled it
- Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk by receptor status--a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology · 2015Pooled it
- Breast cancer awareness, risk factors and screening practices among future health professionals in Ghana: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2021Trial
- Review
- Temporal trajectories of age at breast cancer diagnosis by socioeconomic and geographic factors: a 1975-2021 SEER analysis.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Observational
- Article
- Screening for distress among metastatic breast cancer patients at a tertiary cancer center in Southwest Nigeria: Using the NCCN distress thermometer.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Impact of Ethnic Differences and HER2 Protein Expression on the Age at Breast Cancer Diagnosis: A Mixed Methods Study.Cancer management and research · 2026Article
- Low Frequency of Pathogenic Variants in BRCA1 Exons 11/20 and BRCA2 Exon 11 Suggests Divergent Mutational Hotspots in Sudanese Breast Cancer Patients: A Case-Control Study.Breast cancer : basic and clinical research · 2026Article
- Breast self-examination prevalence and determinants in low- and middle-income countries: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Review
- Late-Stage Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Ghana: Needs for Patient and Public Education.Journal of cancer education : the official journal of the American Association for Cancer Education · 2025Article
- Internet use and uptake of clinical breast examination among Kenyan women of reproductive age.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Breast Cancer Incidence Rates in Ghanaian and US Black Women From 2013 Through 2015.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Distribution of Immunohistochemical Subtypes of Breast Cancer in Nigeria: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2025Review
66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although breast cancer is a growing health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, reasons for its increased occurrence remain unclear. We reviewed the published literature to determine the magnitude of the increase in breast cancer, associated risk factors (including for breast cancer subtypes), and ways to reduce incidence and mortality. Some of the increased breast cancer occurrence likely reflects that women are living longer and adopting lifestyles that favor higher incidence rates. However, a greater proportion of breast cancers occur among premenopausal women as compared to elsewhere, which may reflect unique risk factors. Breast cancers diagnosed among African women reportedly include a disproportionate number of poor prognosis tumors, including hormone receptor negative, triple negative, and core basal phenotype tumors. However, it is unclear how lack of standardized methods for tissue collection, fixation, and classification contribute to these rates. Given appropriate classifications, it will be of interest to compare rates with other populations and to identify risk factors that relate to specific tumor subtypes. This includes not only risk factors that have been recognized in other populations but also some that may play unique roles among African women, such as genetic factors, microbiomata, xenoestrogens, hair relaxers, and skin lighteners. With limited opportunities for effective treatment, a focus is needed on identifying etiologic factors that may be amenable to intervention. It will also be essential to understand reasons why women delay seeking care after the onset of symptoms and for there to be educational campaigns about the importance of early detection.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.