ArticleBMC public health2014
Factors associated with non-utilization of child immunization in Pakistan: evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07.
Article in BMC public health, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Predictors of immunization coverage among 12-23 month old children in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Beyond Hesitancy: Current Multi-Level Polio Vaccine Refusals and Pathways to Acceptance in a High-Risk Region of Pakistan.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Barriers and facilitators of childhood immunization: sociodemographic and knowledge-related determinants among parents in rural and urban Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Article
- Modelling the determinants of uptake of complete immunization of children in Ghana.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- A multilevel analysis of factors associated with unimmunized children in Ethiopia.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Socio-demographic factors affecting the first and second dose of measles vaccination status among under-five children: Perspectives from South Asian countries.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Prediction of incomplete immunization among under-five children in East Africa from recent demographic and health surveys: a machine learning approach.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- High prevalence of zero-dose children in underserved and special setting populations in Ethiopia using a generalize estimating equation and concentration index analysis.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Development and feasibility testing of an artificially intelligent chatbot to answer immunization-related queries of caregivers in Pakistan: A mixed-methods study.International journal of medical informatics · 2024Article
- The Last Mile-Community Engagement and Conditional Incentives to Accelerate Polio Eradication in Pakistan: Study Protocol for a Quasi-Experimental Trial.Methods and protocols · 2023Article
- Parental perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs regarding vaccination of children aged 0-5 years: A qualitative study of hill-tribe communities, Thailand.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Uptake and determinants of childhood vaccination status among children aged 0-12 months in three West African countries.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Differential coverage for vaccines in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) among children in rural Pakistan.Vaccine · 2023Article
- Inequalities in Childhood Immunisation in South Asia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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7 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe proportion of incompletely immunized children in Pakistan varies from 37-58%, and this has recently resulted in outbreaks of measles and polio. The aim of this paper is to determine the factors associated with incomplete immunization among children aged 12-23 months in Pakistan.
methodsSecondary analysis was conducted on nationally representative cross-sectional survey data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2006-07. The analysis was limited to ever-married mothers who had delivered their last child during the 23 months immediately preceding the survey (n=2,435). 'Complete immunization' was defined as the child having received twelve doses of five vaccines, and 'incomplete immunization' was defined if he/she had missed at least one of these twelve doses. The association between child immunization status and determinants of non-utilization of vaccines was assessed by calculating unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals using a multivariable binary logistic regression.
resultsThe findings of this research showed that nearly 66% of children were incompletely immunized against seven preventable childhood diseases. The likelihood of incomplete immunization was significantly associated with the father's occupation as a manual worker (AOR=1.47; 95% CI: 1.10-1.97), lack of access to information (AOR=1.35; 95% CI: 1.09-1.66), non-use of antenatal care (AOR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.07-1.66), children born in Baluchistan region (AOR=1.74; 95% CI: 1.12-2.70) and delivery at home (AOR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.14-1.69).
conclusionsDespite governmental efforts to increase rates of immunization against childhood diseases, the proportion of incompletely immunized children in Pakistan is still high. Targeted interventions are needed to increase the immunization rates in Pakistan. These interventions need to concentrate on people with low socioeconomic and educational status in order to improve their knowledge of this topic.
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