ArticleFrontiers in psychology2014
Second language experience modulates word retrieval effort in bilinguals: evidence from pupillometry.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Does bilingualism come with linguistic costs? A meta-analytic review of the bilingual lexical deficit.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2023Pooled it
- Affect labeling down-regulates amygdala only in a dominant native language.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- From Recognition to Production: Receptive and Expressive Cross-Situational Word Learning in Monolingual and Bilingual Children.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Eyes on the Pupil Size: Pupillary Response During Sentence Processing in Aphasia.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Pupillometry as a window to detect cognitive aging in the brain.Biomedical engineering letters · 2024Article
- Word frequency and cognitive effort in turns-at-talk: turn structure affects processing load in natural conversation.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Time Scales and Moments of Listening Effort Revealed in Pupillometry.Seminars in hearing · 2023Review
- Spoken word recognition in a second language: The importance of phonetic details.Second language research · 2023Article
- The impact of speech type on listening effort and intelligibility for native and non-native listeners.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Use of the first-acquired language modulates pupil size in the processing of island constraint violations.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Publication guidelines and recommendations for pupillary measurement in psychophysiological studies.Psychophysiology · 2022Article
- Phasic pupillary responses reveal differential engagement of attentional control in bilingual spoken language processing.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- General principles governing the amount of neuroanatomical overlap between languages in bilinguals.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Review
- Fuzzy Lexical Representations in Adult Second Language Speakers.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Do Musicians and Non-musicians Differ in Speech-on-Speech Processing?Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- The Bilingual Native Speaker Competence: Evidence From Explicit and Implicit Language Knowledge Using Elicited Production, Sentence-Picture Matching, and Pupillometry.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Contrast Is in the Eye of the Beholder: Infelicitous Beat Gesture Increases Cognitive Load During Online Spoken Discourse Comprehension.Cognitive science · 2020Article
- Towards a New Model of Verbal Monitoring.Journal of cognition · 2020Article
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Abstract
Bilingual speakers often have less language experience compared to monolinguals as a result of speaking two languages and/or a later age of acquisition of the second language. This may result in weaker and less precise phonological representations of words in memory, which may cause greater retrieval effort during spoken word recognition. To gauge retrieval effort, the present study compared the effects of word frequency, neighborhood density (ND), and level of English experience by testing monolingual English speakers and native Spanish speakers who differed in their age of acquisition of English (early/late). In the experimental paradigm, participants heard English words and matched them to one of four pictures while the pupil size, an indication of cognitive effort, was recorded. Overall, both frequency and ND effects could be observed in the pupil response, indicating that lower frequency and higher ND were associated with greater retrieval effort. Bilingual speakers showed an overall delayed pupil response and a larger ND effect compared to the monolingual speakers. The frequency effect was the same in early bilinguals and monolinguals but was larger in late bilinguals. Within the group of bilingual speakers, higher English proficiency was associated with an earlier pupil response in addition to a smaller frequency and ND effect. These results suggest that greater retrieval effort associated with bilingualism may be a consequence of reduced language experience rather than constitute a categorical bilingual disadvantage. Future avenues for the use of pupillometry in the field of spoken word recognition are discussed.
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