ReviewAdolescent health, medicine and therapeutics2011
Safety and efficacy of clonidine and clonidine extended-release in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders.
Review in Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lithium-responsive genes and gene networks in bipolar disorder patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2016Trial
- Psychotropic Medication Use by Children with Autism Served in Publicly Funded Mental Health Settings.Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBPTrial
- Machine-learning-assisted continuous flow synthesis of clonidine.Communications chemistry · 2026Article
- Monoaminergic Modulation of Learning and Cognitive Function in the Prefrontal Cortex.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Investigating Variations in Medicine Approvals for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cross-Country Document Analysis Comparing Drug Labeling.Journal of attention disorders · 2024Article
- Optimising the management of children with concomitant bladder dysfunction and behavioural disorders.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Review
- Epilepsy and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Connection, Chance, and Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Stability evaluation of compounded clonidine hydrochloride oral liquids based on a solid-phase extraction HPLC-UV method.PloS one · 2021Article
- Concomitant Use of Psychotropic Medication With Stimulants for the Treatment of ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Retrospective Insurance Claims Study in the United States.Journal of attention disorders · 2020Article
- Sleep Problems in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Status of Knowledge and Appropriate Management.Current psychiatry reports · 2016Review
- Risk of serious cardiovascular problems with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.CNS drugs · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clonidine has been used off-label in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) with or without comorbidities. Clonidine extended-release was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for ADHD in children. This review evaluates the efficacy and safety of clonidine extended-release and clonidine in children and adolescents with ADHD. A search of the Medline database and clinical trials register from 1996-2011 yielded ten clinical trials for critical evaluation of efficacy and safety. Eight of the ten trials reviewed were double-blinded and placebo-controlled. Nine of the ten trials utilized multiple outcome measures. Both clonidine extended-release and clonidine, as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy, were reported to be efficacious in treating ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with or without comorbid disorders in nine of the ten clinical trials. One study showed clonidine to be ineffective in improving performance of a single task, at a specific point in time, in a small number of subjects. All of the studies that evaluated safety reported clonidine and clonidine extended-release to be well tolerated. The side effects of clonidine included somnolence, fatigue, headache, bradycardia, hypotension, and clinically insignificant electrocardiographic changes. However, there are historical anecdotal reports of serious cardiac side effects, including death in cases with other risk factors. None of the studies compared clonidine extended-release with clonidine in subjects with ADHD. Therefore, it is not clear whether clonidine extended-release is advantageous over clonidine, with regard to either efficacy or safety. It is equally unclear whether clonidine or clonidine extended-release is more efficacious in treating ADHD in subjects with comorbid disorders than in those without comorbidities. All the studies reviewed had limitations in their designs and methods. Clonidine and clonidine extended-release could be efficacious and safe for the treatment of ADHD both as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy with stimulant medications in selected patients. There is a need for clinical trials to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with clonidine and clonidine extended-release in patients with ADHD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.