ArticlePloS one2014
Radiologically isolated syndrome: 5-year risk for an initial clinical event.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03586986 (Risk Factors in Early Multiple Sclerosis), which is not on this map. Cited by 106 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Risk Factors in Early Multiple Sclerosis
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Revised Recommendations of the Consortium of MS Centers Task Force for a Standardized MRI Protocol and Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Multiple Sclerosis.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2016Guideline
- Dimethyl fumarate preserves brainstem and cervical spinal cord integrity in radiologically isolated syndrome.Journal of neurology · 2024Trial
- A Prospective Study of Individuals at Risk of Multiple Sclerosis Informs the Design of Primary Prevention Studies.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Observational
- Subclinical Optic Nerve Involvement in Radiologically Isolated Syndrome: Multimodal Detection and Diagnostic Impact.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Increased VH4+JH6+ antibody heavy chain use in plasmablasts from asymptomatic multiple sclerosis patients.Genes and immunity · 2026Article
- When is the Radiologically Isolated Syndrome already Multiple Sclerosis According to the 2024 McDonald Criteria?Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Predicting multiple sclerosis from radiologically isolated syndrome using generative artificial intelligence.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Health-Related Quality of Life in Radiologically Isolated Syndrome Resembles Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Environmental risk factors and conversion to multiple sclerosis in subjects with radiologically isolated syndrome: a case-control study.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Plasma CHI3L1 as a marker of cognitive and structural brain changes in radiologically isolated syndrome.BMJ neurology open · 2026Article
- Disability Worsening Phenotypes in Multiple Sclerosis and Impact of Disease-Modifying Treatments.Neurology · 2025Article
- Feasibility and Preliminary Effects of Ballet-Based Group Dance Intervention in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Anticipating Clinical Onset in Multiple Sclerosis: Challenges and Opportunities.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Influence of age and sex on presymptomatic phases of neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.Revue neurologique · 2025Review
- The epidemiology, pathology and pathogenesis of MS: Therapeutic implications.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
- The Kappa Free Light Chains Index and Central Vein Sign: Two New Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis.Neurology and therapy · 2025Review
- Review
- Current and future role of MRI in the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple sclerosis.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Review
- Assessing the visual afferent pathway with the multifocal visual evoked potentials in the radiologically isolated syndrome.Scientific reports · 2024Observational
- Emerging imaging markers in radiologically isolated syndrome: implications for earlier treatment initiation.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Review
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
24 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo report the 5-year risk and to identify risk factors for the development of a seminal acute or progressive clinical event in a multi-national cohort of asymptomatic subjects meeting 2009 RIS Criteria.
methodsRetrospectively identified RIS subjects from 22 databases within 5 countries were evaluated. Time to the first clinical event related to demyelination (acute or 12-month progression of neurological deficits) was compared across different groups by univariate and multivariate analyses utilizing a Cox regression model.
resultsData were available in 451 RIS subjects (F: 354 (78.5%)). The mean age at from the time of the first brain MRI revealing anomalies suggestive of MS was 37.2 years (y) (median: 37.1 y, range: 11-74 y) with mean clinical follow-up time of 4.4 y (median: 2.8 y, range: 0.01-21.1 y). Clinical events were identified in 34% (standard error=3%) of individuals within a 5-year period from the first brain MRI study. Of those who developed symptoms, 9.6% fulfilled criteria for primary progressive MS. In the multivariate model, age [hazard ratio (HR): 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96-0.99); p=0.03], sex (male) [HR: 1.93 (1.24-2.99); p=0.004], and lesions within the cervical or thoracic spinal cord [HR: 3.08 (2.06-4.62); p=<0.001] were identified as significant predictors for the development of a first clinical event.
interpretationThese data provide supportive evidence that a meaningful number of RIS subjects evolve to a first clinical symptom. An age <37 y, male sex, and spinal cord involvement appear to be the most important independent predictors of symptom onset.
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