ArticleBreast cancer research and treatment2014
Immune cell quantitation in normal breast tissue lobules with and without lobulitis.
Article in Breast cancer research and treatment, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intercepting Premalignant, Preinvasive Breast Lesions Through Vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Multi‑scale immune and spatial profiling of sclerosing adenosis and surrounding breast tissue identifies an immune‑cold field phenotype associated with breast cancer risk.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- Inside the Tumor: Decoding the Feline Mammary Tumor Microenvironment and Its Prognostic Value-A Review.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Causality Between Immune Cells, Metabolites and Breast Cancer: Mendelian Randomization and Mediation Analysis.Biochemical genetics · 2025Article
- Th1 Cytokines Inhibit Acinar Morphogenesis and Milk Protein Expression in 3D Mammary Cultures.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Immune imbalance and autoimmune mechanisms in plasma cell mastitis: current perspectives.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Immune landscape of the tumour microenvironment in Ethiopian breast cancer patients.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Diagnosis, Approach, and Clinical Classification of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Consensus Report.Breast care (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Breast Cancer Progression.Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) · 2024Review
- GLS and GOT2 as prognostic biomarkers associated with dendritic cell and immunotherapy response in breast cancer.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Novel insights: crosstalk with non-puerperal mastitis and immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Genetically predicted Caspase 8 levels mediates the causal association between CD4+ T cell and breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- GOWDL: gene ontology-driven wide and deep learning model for cell typing of scRNA-seq data.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2023Article
- Adipose derived stem cell extracellular vesicles modulate primary human macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype in vitro.Journal of extracellular biology · 2023Article
- TCGA RNA-Seq and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Imaging Data Reveal Cold Tumor Signatures of Invasive Ductal Carcinomas and Estrogen Receptor-Positive Human Breast Tumors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Canine Mammary Neoplasia Induces Variations in the Peripheral Blood Levels of CD20, CD45RA, and CD99.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Epigenetic modulation of antitumor immunity and immunotherapy response in breast cancer: biological mechanisms and clinical implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Immune cells are increased in normal breast tissues of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2023Article
- The tumor microenvironment and triple-negative breast cancer aggressiveness: shedding light on mechanisms and targeting.Expert opinion on therapeutic targets · 2022Article
- Identification of Immune Cell Components in Breast Tissues by a Multiparametric Flow Cytometry Approach.Cancers · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
While the immune microenvironment has been investigated in breast cancers, little is known about its role in non-malignant breast tissues. Here we quantify and localize cellular immune components in normal breast tissue lobules, with and without visible immune infiltrates (lobulitis). Up to ten representative lobules each in eleven normal breast tissue samples were assessed for B cells (CD20), cytotoxic T cells (CD8), helper T cells (CD4), dendritic cells (CD11c), leukocytes (CD45), and monocytes/macrophages (CD68). Using digital image analysis, immune cell densities were measured and compared between lobules with/without lobulitis. 109 lobules in 11 normal breast tissue samples were evaluated; 31 with lobulitis and 78 without. Immune cells showed consistent patterns in all normal samples, predominantly localized to lobules rather than stroma. Regardless of lobulitis status, most lobules demonstrated CD8+, CD11c+, CD45+, and CD68+ cells, with lower densities of CD4+ and CD20+ cells. Both CD11c+ and CD8+ cells were consistently and intimately associated with the basal aspect of lobule epithelium. Significantly higher densities of CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, and CD45+ cells were observed in lobules with lobulitis. In contrast, densities of monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells did not vary with lobulitis. In normal breast tissue, myeloid and lymphoid cells are present and localized to lobules, with cytotoxic T and dendritic cells directly integrated with epithelium. Lobules with lobulitis have significantly more adaptive immune (B and T) cells, but no increase in dendritic cells or monocytes/macrophages. These findings indicate an active and dynamic mucosal immune system in normal breast tissue.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.