ArticlePloS one2014
Episodic positive selection in the evolution of avian toll-like receptor innate immunity genes.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- NSD1 gene evolves under episodic selection within primates and mutations of specific exons in humans cause Sotos syndrome.BMC genomics · 2022Pooled it
- Wildlife Trade and Genetic Basis of Disease Susceptibility: A Review.International journal of immunogenetics · 2026Review
- A multicenter kidney transplantation study identifies hierarchy and directionality of HLA-DQ alloimmune responses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Gene function predicts divergence across molecular levels.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Selection for Tameness in Red Junglefowl Recapitulates Genetic Loci Associated With Domestication-Related Brain Composition.Molecular ecology · 2025Article
- AMPed up immunity: 418 whole genomes reveal intraspecific diversity of koala antimicrobial peptides.Immunogenetics · 2025Article
- Venomous Noodles: The Evolution of Toxins in Nemertea through Positive Selection and Gene Duplication.Toxins · 2023Article
- Emergence of a novel genetic lineage 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' of foot and mouth disease virus serotype A in India: A challenge to reckon with.Virus research · 2023Article
- Leveraging an existing whole-genome resequencing population data set to characterize toll-like receptor gene diversity in a threatened bird.Molecular ecology resources · 2022Article
- Comparative Genomics of the Waterfowl Innate Immune System.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Article
- Selection Balancing at Innate Immune Genes: Adaptive Polymorphism Maintenance in Toll-Like Receptors.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Review
- Adaptation and Cryptic Pseudogenization in Penguin Toll-Like Receptors.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Article
- Mulberry leaf polysaccharide supplementation contributes to enhancing the respiratory mucosal barrier immune response in Newcastle disease virus-vaccinated chicks.Poultry science · 2021Article
- Habitat fragmentation differentially shapes neutral and immune gene variation in a tropical bird species.Heredity · 2021Article
- Transcriptomic Response toFrontiers in genetics · 2021Article
- Article
- Genetic drift and bottleneck do not influence diversity in Toll-like receptor genes at a small spatial scale in a Himalayan passerine.Ecology and evolution · 2020Article
- Evidence of Pathogen-Induced Immunogenetic Selection across the Large Geographic Range of a Wild Seabird.Molecular biology and evolution · 2020Article
- Relaxation of selective constraints shapes variation of toll-like receptors in a colonial waterbird, the black-headed gull.Immunogenetics · 2020Article
- Adaptive selection in the evolution of programmed cell death-1 and its ligands in vertebrates.Aging · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of conserved pattern-recognition molecules responsible for initiating innate and acquired immune responses. Because they play a key role in host defence, these genes have received increasing interest in the evolutionary and population genetics literature, as their variation represents a potential target of adaptive evolution. However, the role of pathogen-mediated selection (i.e. episodic positive selection) in the evolution of these genes remains poorly known and has not been examined outside of mammals. A recent increase in the number of bird species for which TLR sequences are available has enabled us to examine the selective processes that have influenced evolution of the 10 known avian TLR genes. Specifically, we tested for episodic positive selection to identify codons that experience purifying selection for the majority of their evolution, interspersed with bursts of positive selection that may occur only in restricted lineages. We included up to 23 species per gene (mean = 16.0) and observed that, although purifying selection was evident, an average of 4.5% of codons experienced episodic positive selection across all loci. For four genes in which sequence coverage traversed both the extracellular leucine-rich repeat region (LRR) and transmembrane/intracellular domains of the proteins, increased positive selection was observed at the extracellular domain, consistent with theoretical predictions. Our results provide evidence that episodic positive selection has played an important role in the evolution of most avian TLRs, consistent with the role of these loci in pathogen recognition and a mechanism of host-pathogen coevolution.
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