ArticleVaccine2014
Adjuvant-carrying synthetic vaccine particles augment the immune response to encapsulated antigen and exhibit strong local immune activation without inducing systemic cytokine release.
Article in Vaccine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 161 citations in OpenAlex.
- Liposomal drug delivery for lung cancer therapy: progress, challenges, and future perspectives.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Advances in molecular innate immune regulation in the development and therapeutic strategies of allergic rhinitis vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- TLR7/8 agonist 3M-052 formulated in micelles induces local type I IFN response and antiviral immunity in zebrafish larvae.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- In-Situ Self-Assembling Oligomeric Collagen Scaffold Enhances Vaccine Retention and Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Eliciting antitumor immunity via therapeutic cancer vaccines.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
- Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of BODIPY-Caged Resiquimod as a Dual-Acting Phototherapeutic.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy by liposomal doxorubicin boosts immune protection of tumor membrane antigens-based nanovaccine.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Vaccines as Potential Frontliners Against Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): A Focused Review.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Advancements in Nanoparticle-Based Adjuvants for Enhanced Tuberculosis Vaccination: A Review.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Investigating silver nanoparticles and resiquimod as a local melanoma treatment.European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V · 2023Article
- Nanomaterials and Their Impact on the Immune System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Nanoparticle vaccines can be designed to induce pDC support of mDCs for increased antigen display.Biomaterials science · 2023Article
- Self-assembled nanoparticles: A new platform for revolutionizing therapeutic cancer vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Dual-Responsive Glycopolymers for Intracellular Codelivery of Antigen and Lipophilic Adjuvants.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Immunostimulatory Polymers as Adjuvants, Immunotherapies, and Delivery Systems.Macromolecules · 2022Review
- Nanobiotics against antimicrobial resistance: harnessing the power of nanoscale materials and technologies.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Review
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- MuSyC dosing of adjuvanted cancer vaccines optimizes antitumor responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Exploiting viral sensing mediated by Toll-like receptors to design innovative vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2021Review
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Augmentation of immunogenicity can be achieved by particulate delivery of an antigen and by its co-administration with an adjuvant. However, many adjuvants initiate strong systemic inflammatory reactions in vivo, leading to potential adverse events and safety concerns. We have developed a synthetic vaccine particle (SVP) technology that enables co-encapsulation of antigen with potent adjuvants. We demonstrate that co-delivery of an antigen with a TLR7/8 or TLR9 agonist in synthetic polymer nanoparticles results in a strong augmentation of humoral and cellular immune responses with minimal systemic production of inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, antigen encapsulated into nanoparticles and admixed with free TLR7/8 agonist leads to lower immunogenicity and rapid induction of high levels of inflammatory cytokines in the serum (e.g., TNF-a and IL-6 levels are 50- to 200-fold higher upon injection of free resiquimod (R848) than of nanoparticle-encapsulated R848). Conversely, local immune stimulation as evidenced by cellular infiltration of draining lymph nodes and by intranodal cytokine production was more pronounced and persisted longer when SVP-encapsulated TLR agonists were used. The strong local immune activation achieved using a modular self-assembling nanoparticle platform markedly enhanced immunogenicity and was equally effective whether antigen and adjuvant were co-encapsulated in a single nanoparticle formulation or co-delivered in two separate nanoparticles. Moreover, particle encapsulation enabled the utilization of CpG oligonucleotides with the natural phosphodiester backbone, which are otherwise rapidly hydrolyzed by nucleases in vivo. The use of SVP may enable clinical use of potent TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants for indications where cellular immunity or robust humoral responses are required.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.