ArticleBMC veterinary research2014
Spillover of pH1N1 to swine in Cameroon: an investigation of risk factors.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Influenza A and D Viruses in Non-Human Mammalian Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Viruses · 2021Pooled it
- Risk of Swine Influenza Virus Spillover at the Human-Swine Interface - a Scoping Review.International journal of public health · 2025Article
- Review
- Comparison of machine learning models for bluetongue risk prediction: a seroprevalence study on small ruminants.BMC veterinary research · 2022Article
- A systematic review of influenza A virus prevalence and transmission dynamics in backyard swine populations globally.Porcine health management · 2022Review
- Characteristics of the 100 largest modern zoonotic disease outbreaks.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Article
- A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the 'One Health' Concept.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Evidence of exposure and human seroconversion during an outbreak of avian influenza A(H5N1) among poultry in Cameroon.Emerging microbes & infections · 2019Article
- What variables are important in predicting bovine viral diarrhea virus? A random forest approach.Veterinary research · 2015Article
- Avian influenza surveillance in Central and West Africa, 2010-2014.Epidemiology and infection · 2015Article
- Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in pigs, Togo, 2013.Veterinary microbiology · 2015Article
- How the zebra got its stripes: a problem with too many solutions.Royal Society open science · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe 2009 pH1N1 influenza pandemic resulted in at least 18,500 deaths worldwide. While pH1N1 is now considered to be in a post-pandemic stage in humans it has nevertheless spilled back into swine in at least 20 countries. Understanding the factors that increase the risk of spillover events between swine and humans is essential to predicting and preventing future outbreaks. We assessed risk factors that may have led to spillover of pH1N1 from humans to swine in Cameroon, Central Africa. We sampled swine, domestic poultry and wild birds for influenza A virus at twelve sites in Cameroon from December 2009 while the pandemic was ongoing, to August 2012. At the same time we conducted point-count surveys to assess the abundance of domestic livestock and wild birds and assess interspecific contact rates. Random forest models were used to assess which variables were the best predictors of influenza in swine.
resultsWe found swine with either active pH1N1 infections or positive for influenza A at four of our 12 sites. Only one swine tested positive by competitive ELISA in 2011-2012. To date we have found pH1N1 only in the North and Extreme North regions of Cameroon (regions in Cameroon are administrative units similar to provinces), though half of our sites are in the Central and Western regions. Swine husbandry practices differ between the North and Extreme North regions where it is common practice in to let swine roam freely, and the Central and Western regions where swine are typically confined to pens. Random forest analyses revealed that the three best predictors of the presence of pH1N1 in swine were contact rates between free-ranging swine and domestic ducks, contact rates between free-ranging swine and wild Columbiformes, and contact rates between humans and ducks. Sites in which swine were allowed to range freely had closer contact with other species than did sites in which swine were kept penned.
conclusionsResults suggest that the practice of allowing swine to roam freely is a significant risk factor for spillover of influenza from humans into swine populations.
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