ArticleJournal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging
Spinal cord normalization in multiple sclerosis.
Article in Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- A lightweight method for regression-based normalization of the cross-sectional area for cervical spinal cord atrophy assessment.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2026Article
- Optimization of cervical cord atrophy measurement using a real-world, multicentre dataset in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- A database of the healthy human spinal cord morphometry in the PAM50 template space.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Validation of a New Semiautomated Segmentation Pipeline Based on the Spinal Cord Toolbox DeepSeg Algorithm to Estimate the Cervical Canal Area.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2023Article
- A review on multiple sclerosis prognostic findings from imaging, inflammation, and mental health studies.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Review
- Multiple sclerosis lesions and atrophy in the spinal cord: Distribution across vertebral levels and correlation with disability.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2022Article
- Automatic measure and normalization of spinal cord cross-sectional area using the pontomedullary junction.Frontiers in neuroimaging · 2022Article
- Normalization of Spinal Cord Total Cross-Sectional and Gray Matter Areas as Quantified With Radially Sampled Averaged Magnetization Inversion Recovery Acquisitions.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Intersubject Variability and Normalization Strategies for Spinal Cord Total Cross-Sectional and Gray Matter Areas.Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging · 2020Article
- Spinal cord atrophy in a primary progressive multiple sclerosis trial: Improved sample size using GBSI.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2020Article
- Improving Accuracy of Brainstem MRI Volumetry: Effects of Age and Sex, and Normalization Strategies.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2020Article
- Quantitative vibratory sensation measurement is related to sensory cortical thickness in MS.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2019Article
- Advances in spinal cord imaging in multiple sclerosis.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2019Review
- Monitoring Progressive Multiple Sclerosis with Novel Imaging Techniques.Neurology and therapy · 2018Review
- MRI-Based Methods for Spinal Cord Atrophy Evaluation: A Comparison of Cervical Cord Cross-Sectional Area, Cervical Cord Volume, and Full Spinal Cord Volume in Patients with Aquaporin-4 Antibody Seropositive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2018Article
- Cervical spinal cord atrophy: An early marker of progressive MS onset.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2018Article
- Quantitative spinal cord MRI in radiologically isolated syndrome.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2018Article
- A Novel MRI Biomarker of Spinal Cord White Matter Injury: T2*-Weighted White Matter to Gray Matter Signal Intensity Ratio.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2017Article
- Association Between Serum MicroRNAs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures of Multiple Sclerosis Severity.JAMA neurology · 2017Article
- The Role of T1-Weighted Derived Measures of Neurodegeneration for Assessing Disability Progression in Multiple Sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSpinal cord (SC) pathology is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), and measures of SC-atrophy are increasingly utilized. Normalization reduces biological variation of structural measurements unrelated to disease, but optimal parameters for SC volume (SCV)-normalization remain unclear. Using a variety of normalization factors and clinical measures, we assessed the effect of SCV normalization on detecting group differences and clarifying clinical-radiological correlations in MS.
methods3T cervical SC-MRI was performed in 133 MS cases and 11 healthy controls (HC). Clinical assessment included expanded disability status scale (EDSS), MS functional composite (MSFC), quantitative hip-flexion strength ("strength"), and vibration sensation threshold ("vibration"). SCV between C3 and C4 was measured and normalized individually by subject height, SC-length, and intracranial volume (ICV).
resultsThere were group differences in raw-SCV and after normalization by height and length (MS vs. HC; progressive vs. relapsing MS-subtypes, P < .05). There were correlations between clinical measures and raw-SCV (EDSS:r = -.20; MSFC:r = .16; strength:r = .35; vibration:r = -.19). Correlations consistently strengthened with normalization by length (EDSS:r = -.43; MSFC:r = .33; strength:r = .38; vibration:r = -.40), and height (EDSS:r = -.26; MSFC:r = .28; strength:r = .22; vibration:r = -.29), but diminished with normalization by ICV (EDSS:r = -.23; MSFC:r = -.10; strength:r = .23; vibration:r = -.35). In relapsing MS, normalization by length allowed statistical detection of correlations that were not apparent with raw-SCV.
conclusionsSCV-normalization by length improves the ability to detect group differences, strengthens clinical-radiological correlations, and is particularly relevant in settings of subtle disease-related SC-atrophy in MS. SCV-normalization by length may enhance the clinical utility of measures of SC-atrophy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.