ReviewThe British journal of radiology2014
Defining normoxia, physoxia and hypoxia in tumours-implications for treatment response.
Review in The British journal of radiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 573 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
573 citing papers in PubMed, 1,031 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chemical vs Physical Radioenhancement from TiONano letters · 2025Trial
- Tumour hypoxia in clinical oncology: imaging, therapeutic strategies, and translational challenges.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2027Review
- Hypoxia-responsive supramolecular systems based on macrocycles and self-assembly structures.Medical gas research · 2027Review
- How telomere attrition protects against cancer.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Mimicking tumor hypoxia in a glioblastoma-on-a-chip.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- The effect of microgravity and flows on the organization and dynamics of the human genome.Science advances · 2026Article
- Article
- HIF1α-KLF4 signaling dictates extra-erythrocyte expression of hemoglobin conferring sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Review
- Inaccurate interpretation of hypoxia signatures from transcriptomic analyses in neuro-oncology.Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Review
- One Stone Two Birds: Novel Fluorescent Probe Chemistry That Detects Redox Stress in Cell Culture.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Cyclen Tetra-Amide Ligands as a Privileged Class of Ligands for Studying Second-Sphere Coordination Environments.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Dual-oxygen pancreatic cancer organoids recapitulate basal-classical heterogeneity validated by spatial transcriptomics.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- FLASH radiotherapy: physico-chemical considerations on ionisation tracks, radical reactions, and the role of oxygen.Radiation oncology (London, England) · 2026Review
- A novel hypoxia-related signature for predicting prognosis, immune characteristics, and therapeutic response in hepatocellular carcinoma.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Gut-derived Unpaired-3 cytokine signaling promotes systemic hypoxia tolerance in Drosophila.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026Article
- Supramolecular Assembly of Stepped-Persistent ROS Nanogenerator for Sustained Tumor Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- TOPAS-nBio simulation of the impact of ultrahigh dose rate and oxygen concentration on the Fenton reaction using the Fricke solution.Medical physics · 2026Article
- Patient-derived model capturing hypoxia and extracellular matrix remodelling of immunologically cold high-grade serous tumours.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Hypoxic Preconditioning: An Underestimated Endogenous Protective Strategy?Biomolecules · 2026Review
513 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tumour hypoxia is increasingly recognized as a major deleterious factor in cancer therapies, as it compromises treatment and drives malignant progression. This review seeks to clarify the oxygen levels that are pertinent to this issue. It is argued that normoxia (20% oxygen) is an extremely poor comparator for "physoxia", i.e. the much lower levels of oxygen universally found in normal tissues, which averages about 5% oxygen, and ranges from about 3% to 7.4%. Importantly, it should be recognized that the median oxygenation in untreated tumours is significantly much lower, falling between approximately 0.3% and 4.2% oxygen, with most tumours exhibiting median oxygen levels <2%. This is partially dependent on the tissue of origin, and it is notable that many prostate and pancreatic tumours are profoundly hypoxic. In addition, therapy can induce even further, often unrecognized, changes in tumour oxygenation that may vary longitudinally, increasing or decreasing during treatment in ways that are not always predictable. Studies that fail to take cognizance of the actual physiological levels of oxygen in tissues (approximately 5%) and tumours (approximately 1%) may fail to identify the real circumstances driving tumour response to treatment and/or malignant progression. This can be of particular importance in genetic studies in vitro when comparison to human tumours is required.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.