ArticlePloS one2014
Persistence of botulinum neurotoxin a subtypes 1-5 in primary rat spinal cord cells.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
- Phosphorylation of SNAP-25 at Ser187 is enhanced following its cleavage by Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A, promoting the dominant-negative effect of the resulting fragment.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Cryo-EM structure of the botulinum neurotoxin A/SV2B complex and its implications for translocation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Potency Evaluations of Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin A1 Mutants Designed to Reduce Toxicity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Degradation of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chains Using PROTACs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Embracing the Versatility of Botulinum Neurotoxins in Conventional and New Therapeutic Applications.Toxins · 2024Review
- A DARPin promotes faster onset of botulinum neurotoxin A1 action.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines.Toxins · 2023Review
- Botulinum Neurotoxin A4 Has a 1000-Fold Reduced Potency Due to Three Single Amino Acid Alterations in the Protein Receptor Binding Domain.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A Comprehensive Structural Analysis ofToxins · 2023Review
- Review
- How Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain A1 Maintains Stable Association with the Intracellular Neuronal Plasma Membrane.Toxins · 2022Article
- Detection of VAMP Proteolysis by Tetanus and Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B In Vivo with a Cleavage-Specific Antibody.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Clostridial Neurotoxins: Structure, Function and Implications to Other Bacterial Toxins.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Resolution of Two Steps in Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A1 Light Chain Localization to the Intracellular Plasma Membrane.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- A Novel Running Wheel Mouse Model for Botulism and Its Use for the Evaluation of Postsymptom Antitoxin Efficacy.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2021Article
- The Structure and Classification of Botulinum Toxins.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2021Article
- Chronic Migraine and Medication Overuse Headache Worsening After OnabotulinumtoxinA Withdrawn Due to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Pandemic.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Novel Native and Engineered Botulinum Neurotoxins.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most poisonous substances known and cause the severe disease botulism. BoNTs have also been remarkably effective as therapeutics in treating many neuronal and neuromuscular disorders. One of the hallmarks of BoNTs, particularly serotype A, is its long persistence of 2-6 months in patients at concentrations as low as fM or pM. The mechanisms for this persistence are currently unclear. In this study we determined the persistence of the BoNT/A subtypes 1 through 5 in primary rat spinal neurons. Remarkably, the duration of intracellular enzymatic activity of BoNT/A1, /A2, /A4 and /A5 was shown to be at least 10 months. Conversely, the effects of BoNT/A3 were observed for up to ∼5 months. An intermittent dosing with BoNT/E showed intracellular activity of the shorter acting BoNT/E for 2-3 weeks, followed by reoccurrence and persistence of BoNT/A-induced SNAP-25 cleavage products.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.