ArticlePloS one2014
Subclinical atherosclerosis among HIV-infected adults attending HIV/AIDS care at two large ambulatory HIV clinics in Uganda.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and risk of cardiovascular events among people living with HIV: a meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2026Pooled it
- High-sensitivity C-reactive protein among people living with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy: a systemic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Trends and Clinical Characteristics of HIV and Cerebrovascular Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) Between 1990 and 2021.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2022Pooled it
- The effect of HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy on carotid intima-media thickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Life sciences · 2019Pooled it
- The association between HIV and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2017Pooled it
- Pro-Inflammatory Markers in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Infection. A Systematic Review.PloS one · 2016Pooled it
- Prevention of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.Progress in cardiovascular diseasesPooled it
- Trial
- Atorvastatin reduces T-cell activation and exhaustion among HIV-infected cART-treated suboptimal immune responders in Uganda: a randomised crossover placebo-controlled trial.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2015Trial
- Beyond blood pressure: carotid intima-media thickness uncovers subclinical atherosclerosis in normotensive adults with type 2 diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa.Cardiovascular diabetology. Endocrinology reports · 2026Article
- Predictive Model for the Detection of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Treatment.Current HIV research · 2025Observational
- Article
- Multimodality Imaging in HIV-Associated Cardiovascular Complications: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Prevalence and risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis amongst adults living with HIV in University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2023Article
- Genome-wide associated variants of subclinical atherosclerosis among young people with HIV and gene-environment interactions.Journal of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Lung function and atherosclerosis: a cross-sectional study of multimorbidity in rural Uganda.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2022Observational
- Prevalence and Correlates of Ischemic ECG Findings among Adults With and Without HIV in Tanzania.Global heart · 2022Article
- Treated HIV Infection and Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Rural Uganda: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Observational
- Adiposity Phenotypes and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Adults from Sub-Saharan Africa: An H3Africa AWI-Gen Study.Global heart · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe increased immune activation and inflammation of chronic HIV-infection and the characteristic dyslipidemias associated with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) contribute to an increased risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease among HIV-infected adults. There is an emerging need to understand determinants of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among individuals aging with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. We determined the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis [carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) ≥ 0.78 mm] and its correlation with traditional CVD risk factors among HIV-infected adults.
methodsIn a cross-sectional study, HIV-infected adults (ART-naïve and ART-treated) were consecutively selected from patients' enrollment registers at two large HIV clinics at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. We measured traditional CVD risk factors including age, biophysical profile, fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile as well as biomarkers of inflammation. High resolution ultrasound was used to measure common carotid CIMT.
resultsOf 245 patients, Median age [Interquartile range (IQR)] 37 years (31-43), 168 (69%) were females; and 100 (41%) were ART-treated for at least 7 years. Overall, 34/186 (18%) had subclinical atherosclerosis; of whom 15/108 (14%) were ART-naïve whereas 19/78 (24%) were ART-treated. Independent predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis included age [odds ratio (OR) 1.83 per 5-year increase in age; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-2.69; p = 0.002], body mass index (BMI); OR 1.15; CI 1.01-1.31; p = 0.041 and high low density lipoprotein (LDL) [OR 2.99; CI 1.02-8.78, p = 0.046]. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was positively correlated with traditional cardio-metabolic risk factors including waist circumference (r = 0.127, p = 0.05), triglycerides (r = 0.19, p = 0.003) and Total Cholesterol: High Density Lipoprotein ratio (TC:LDL) (r = 0.225, p<0.001).
conclusionThe prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis was 18% among HIV-infected adults in Uganda. Traditional CVD risk factors were associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. We recommend routine assessment of traditional CVD risk factors within HIV care and treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Registered trials
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