ArticlePloS one2014
Impact of the Spanish smoke-free legislation on adult, non-smoker exposure to secondhand smoke: cross-sectional surveys before (2004) and after (2012) legislation.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke in Spain: A scoping review.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Associations of childhood and current secondhand smoke exposure at home with current secondhand smoke exposure at work: A cross-sectional analysis of the Singapore multi-ethnic cohort.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Mortality Trends Related to Bladder Cancer in Spain, 1999-2018.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Measuring cigarette dependence: A comparison of two scales in two different groups of smokers.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2022Article
- Who Smokes in Europe? Data From 12 European Countries in the TackSHS Survey (2017-2018).Journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Change in the Prevalence and Social Patterning of First-and Second-Hand Smoking in PORTUGAL: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study (2005 and 2014).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- The visibility of smoking in Europe and its relationship with youth's positive beliefs about smoking.International journal of public health · 2019Article
- [Sick leave due to tobacco use in workers aged 35-64. Catalonia, 2007-2016].Revista espanola de salud publica · 2018Article
- Article
- Prevalence and correlates of different smoking bans in homes and cars among smokers in six countries of the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys.Tobacco induced diseases · 2018Article
- Secondhand smoke risk perception and smoke-free rules in homes: a cross-sectional study in Barcelona (Spain).BMJ open · 2017Article
- Evaluation of tobacco specific nitrosamines exposure by quantification of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in human hair of non-smokers.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Who is afraid of smoking bans? An evaluation of the effects of the Spanish clean air law on expenditure at hospitality venues.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2015Article
- Article
- Transgenerational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2014Review
- Assessment of the smoke-free outdoor regulation in the WHO European Region.Preventive medicine · 2014Article
- Patterns of adherence to and compliance with the Portuguese smoke-free law in the leisure-hospitality sector.PloS one · 2014Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn 2006, Spain implemented a national smoke-free legislation that prohibited smoking in enclosed public places and workplaces (except in hospitality venues). In 2011, it was extended to all hospitality venues and selected outdoor areas (hospital campuses, educational centers, and playgrounds). The objective of the study is to evaluate changes in exposure to secondhand smoke among the adult non-smoking population before the first law (2004-05) and after the second law (2011-12).
methodsRepeated cross-sectional survey (2004-2005 and 2011-2012) of a representative sample of the adult (≥ 16 years) non-smoking population in Barcelona, Spain. We assess self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke (at home, the workplace, during leisure time, and in public/private transportation vehicles) and salivary cotinine concentration.
resultsOverall, the self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke fell from 75.7% (95%CI: 72.6 to 78.8) in 2004-05 to 56.7% (95%CI: 53.4 to 60.0) in 2011-12. Self-reported exposure decreased from 32.5% to 27.6% (-15.1%, p<0.05) in the home, from 42.9% to 37.5% (-12.6%, p=0.11) at work/education venues, from 61.3% to 38.9% (-36.5%, p<0.001) during leisure time, and from 12.3% to 3.7% (-69.9%, p<0.001) in public transportation vehicles. Overall, the geometric mean of the salivary cotinine concentration in adult non-smokers fell by 87.2%, from 0.93 ng/mL at baseline to 0.12 ng/mL after legislation (p<0.001).
conclusionsSecondhand smoke exposure among non-smokers, assessed both by self-reported exposure and salivary cotinine concentration, decreased after the implementation of a stepwise, comprehensive smoke-free legislation. There was a high reduction in secondhand smoke exposure during leisure time and no displacement of secondhand smoke exposure at home.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.