ArticlePloS one2014
The association between smoking and ectopic pregnancy: why nicotine is BAD for your fallopian tube.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide association study meta-analysis supports association between MUC1 and ectopic pregnancy.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2023Pooled it
- Review
- Age, lifestyle, and disease affect ciliary transport in the human fallopian tube.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Proposed mechanisms of neuroprotection for nicotine in Parkinson's disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations Associated With Human Prenatal Tobacco and Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Protocol for a Systematic Evidence Map.Public health reviews · 2025Review
- Magnitude of ectopic pregnancy, management methods, and its associated factors among pregnant women attending Ambo University Referral Hospital in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: A seven years retrospective institutional based cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Mechanism of Human Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy Caused by Cigarette Smoking.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2023Review
- Recent advances in the understanding of tubal ectopic pregnancy.Faculty reviews · 2023Review
- Ectopic pregnancy and epithelial to mesenchymal transition: is there a link?Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2021Article
- Tubal ectopic pregnancy occurrence is associated with high expressions of prokineticin receptors and aberrant secretion of inflammatory cytokines.American journal of translational research · 2020Article
- Chronic fetal hypoxia disrupts the peri-conceptual environment in next-generation adult female rats.The Journal of physiology · 2019Article
- Demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive risk factors for ectopic pregnancy.Fertility and sterility · 2018Article
- Substance use in pregnancy: The medical challenge.Obstetric medicine · 2018Review
- Factors Associated with Early Pregnancy Smoking Status Among Low-Income Smokers.Maternal and child health journal · 2016Article
- Epidemiology of substance-exposed pregnancies at one Great Lakes hospital that serves a large number of American Indians.American Indian and Alaska native mental health research (Online) · 2016Article
- Substance use during pregnancy.F1000Research · 2016Review
- Substance Use in the Perinatal Period.Current psychiatry reports · 2015Review
- Ectopic pregnancy secondary to in vitro fertilisation-embryo transfer: pathogenic mechanisms and management strategies.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2015Review
- BTEB2 prevents neuronal apoptosis via promoting bad phosphorylation in rat intracerebral hemorrhage model.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for tubal ectopic pregnancy but the reason for this remains unclear. Here, we set out to determine the effect of smoking on Fallopian tube gene expression. An oviductal epithelial cell line (OE-E6/E7) and explants of human Fallopian tubes from non-pregnant women (n = 6) were exposed to physiologically relevant concentrations of cotinine, the principle metabolite of nicotine, and changes in gene expression analyzed using the Illumina Human HT-12 array. Cotinine sensitive genes identified through this process were then localized and quantified in Fallopian tube biopsies from non-pregnant smokers (n = 10) and non-smokers (n = 11) using immunohistochemistry and TaqMan RT-PCR. The principle cotinine induced change in gene expression detected by the array analysis in both explants and the cell line was significant down regulation (P<0.05) of the pro-apoptotic gene BAD. We therefore assessed the effect of smoking on cell turnover in retrospectively collected human samples. Consistent with the array data, smoking was associated with decreased levels of BAD transcript (P<0.01) and increased levels of BCL2 transcript (P<0.05) in Fallopian tube biopsies. BAD and BCL2 specific immunolabelling was localized to Fallopian tube epithelium. Although no other significant differences in levels of apoptosis or cell cycle associated proteins were observed, smoking was associated with significant changes in the morphology of the Fallopian tube epithelium (P<0.05). These results suggest that smoking may alter tubal epithelial cell turnover and is associated with structural, as well as functional, changes that may contribute to the development of ectopic pregnancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.