ReviewJournal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)2014
Phage lysis: three steps, three choices, one outcome.
Review in Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 258 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
258 citing papers in PubMed, 430 citations in OpenAlex.
- Escherichia coli bacteriophage vB_EcoS_MS2 effectively prevents biofilm formation but shows limited activity against mature biofilms.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2026Article
- Genomic characterization and phage cocktail suppression of a multidrug-resistantApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Pan-Ras-In-1 triggers cell wall lysis to eradicateiScience · 2026Article
- Prophage-Derived Molecules as Anti-Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Eradication of catheter-associated MDR Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms mediated by novel phage encoded depolymerase activity.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Pepholin, a bacteriophage holin-derived antimicrobial peptide with membrane-disruptive activity and therapeutic efficacy in MDRRSC advances · 2026Article
- Large-Scale Structural Dynamics in the Tail Fiber Modulate the Infective Transition of the T7 Bacteriophage.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Regenerative Microbiology: Harnessing Bacterial Antagonism and Spatiotemporal Signaling for Diabetic Wound Repair.Smart medicine · 2026Review
- Detection of an ExPEC-likeBiotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effect of a Bovine-DerivedMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Targeting Foodborne Pathogens with Bacteriophages: Mechanisms, Applications, and Resistance.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bacteriophage Lysins as Programmable Antimicrobials: Mechanisms, Engineering, and Translational Advances.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Isolation and characterization of Avs-1, a bacteriophage effective against the aquaculture pathogenApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Isolation and characterisation of a novel Stenotrophomonas maltophilia phage vB_SmaS_BCU-1 with evaluation of mammalian cell safety.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- ssRNA bacteriophage metagenomes reveal a diverse set of novel protein families.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2026Article
- Bacteriophage BCP01 and Its Endolysin as Tools for Biocontrol and Rapid Detection ofJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Analysis of a Novel T1-like Phage KanT1 Reveals a Standalone SH3 Domain as a Widespread Component ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Fitness costs of phage-driven resistance mutations inJournal of virology · 2026Article
- A comparison of the effect of SMA derivatives on the structural topology and dynamics of two bacteriophage peptides.Chemistry and physics of lipids · 2026Article
- The Lysis cassette of jumbophage PhiKZ.Scientific reports · 2026Article
198 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The lysis of bacterial hosts by double-strand DNA bacteriophages, once thought to reflect merely the accumulation of sufficient lysozyme activity during the infection cycle, has been revealed to recently been revealed to be a carefully regulated and temporally scheduled process. For phages of Gramnegative hosts, there are three steps, corresponding to subversion of each of the three layers of the cell envelope: inner membrane, peptidoglycan, and outer membrane. The pathway is controlled at the level of the cytoplasmic membrane. In canonical lysis, a phage encoded protein, the holin, accumulates harmlessly in the cytoplasmic membrane until triggering at an allele-specific time to form micron-scale holes. This allows the soluble endolysin to escape from the cytoplasm to degrade the peptidoglycan. Recently a parallel pathway has been elucidated in which a different type of holin, the pinholin, which, instead of triggering to form large holes, triggers to form small, heptameric channels that serve to depolarize the membrane. Pinholins are associated with SAR endolysins, which accumulate in the periplasm as inactive, membrane-tethered enzymes. Pinholin triggering collapses the proton motive force, allowing the SAR endolysins to refold to an active form and attack the peptidoglycan. Surprisingly, a third step, the disruption of the outer membrane is also required. This is usually achieved by a spanin complex, consisting of a small outer membrane lipoprotein and an integral cytoplasmic membrane protein, designated as o-spanin and i-spanin, respectively. Without spanin function, lysis is blocked and progeny virions are trapped in dead spherical cells, suggesting that the outer membrane has considerable tensile strength. In addition to two-component spanins, there are some single-component spanins, or u-spanins, that have an N-terminal outer-membrane lipoprotein signal and a C-terminal transmembrane domain. A possible mechanism for spanin function to disrupt the outer membrane is to catalyze fusion of the inner and outer membranes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.