ReviewDifferentiation; research in biological diversity
Development of the external genitalia: perspectives from the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta).
Review in Differentiation; research in biological diversity. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Morphological, Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Characterisation of the Penis in Free-Ranging Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla).Anatomia, histologia, embryologia · 2025Article
- Comparison of FGF-8, FGF-10, FGF-Receptor 2, Androgen Receptor, Estrogen Receptor-A and SS in Healthy and Hypospadiac Children.Balkan journal of medical genetics : BJMG · 2024Article
- Gonadal Sex Differentiation and Ovarian Organogenesis along the Cortical-Medullary Axis in Mammals.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Female Genital Variation Far Exceeds that of Male Genitalia: A Review of Comparative Anatomy of Clitoris and the Female Lower Reproductive Tract in Theria.Integrative and comparative biology · 2022Article
- Long-Read Genome Sequencing Provides Molecular Insights into Scavenging and Societal Complexity in Spotted Hyena Crocuta crocuta.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Article
- A draft genome assembly of spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta.Scientific data · 2020Article
- A critical role for estrogen signaling in penis development.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2019Article
- Expression of androgen, estrogen, and progesterone hormone receptors in the penile tissues of children with different types of hypospadias.Northern clinics of Istanbul · 2019Article
- Comparative Morphology of the Penis and Clitoris in Four Species of Moles (Talpidae).Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution · 2017Article
- Canalization of the Vestibular Plate in the Absence of Urethral Fusion Characterizes Development of the Human Clitoris: The Single Zipper Hypothesis.The Journal of urology · 2016Article
- Anatomy of mole external genitalia: Setting the record straight.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2016Article
- Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Development of the human penis and clitoris.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
This review/research paper summarizes data on development of the external genitalia of the spotted hyena, a fascinating mammal noted for extreme masculinization of the female external genitalia. The female spotted hyena is the only extant mammal that mates and gives birth through a pendulous penis-like clitoris. Our studies indicate that early formation of the phallus in both males and females is independent of androgens; indeed the phallus forms before the fetal testes or ovaries are capable of synthesizing androgens. Likewise, pre- and postnatal growth in length of the penis and clitoris is minimally affected by "androgen status". Nonetheless, several internal morphologies, as well as external surface features of the phallus, are androgen-dependent and thus account for dimorphism between the penis and clitoris. Finally, estrogens play a critical role in penile and clitoral development, specifying the position of the urethral orifice, determining elasticity of the urethral meatus, and facilitating epithelial-epithelial fusion events required for proper formation of the distal urethra/urogenital sinus and prepuce. Accordingly, prenatal inhibition of estrogen synthesis via administration of letrozole (an aromatase inhibitor) leads to malformations of the glans as well as the prepuce (hypospadias). The effects of prenatal androgens, anti-androgens and impaired estrogen synthesis correlated with the tissue expression of androgen and estrogen receptors.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.