ArticleAmerican journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics2014
Phenotypic diversity in white adults with moderate to severe Class II malocclusion.
Article in American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Machine Learning and Clustering Analysis of Class II and III Malocclusions.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2026Observational
- Cone-Beam Computed Tomography-Based Three-Dimensional Phenotypes of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion in Yemeni Adults: A Principal Component and Cluster Analysis.International dental journal · 2026Observational
- Pharyngeal Airway Changes After Functional Orthodontic Treatment in Growing Class II Patients: A Retrospective Cephalometric Comparison of Twin Block, RPE and AMCOPLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Use of X means and C4.5 algorithms on lateral cephalometric measurements to identify craniofacial patterns.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Hierarchical clustering analysis & machine learning models for diagnosing skeletal classes I and II in German patients.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Cross-Sectional Observational Study of the Differences in Cephalometric Parameters in German Class I/II Orthodontic Patients.International journal of dentistry · 2025Article
- Morphometric analysis of tooth morphology among different malocclusion groups in a hispanic population.BMC oral health · 2023Article
- About gladiators and a sacred disease.Biomedical journal · 2022Article
- Incisor Occlusion Affects Profile Shape Variation in Middle-Aged Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Morphometric analysis of sella turcica in growing patients: an observational study on shape and dimensions in different sagittal craniofacial patterns.Scientific reports · 2019Observational
- Geometric morphometric analysis of malocclusion on lateral cephalograms in Malaysian population.Anatomy & cell biology · 2019Article
- Cephalometric Characteristic of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion in Javanese Population at Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital.Contemporary clinical dentistry · 2018Article
- Candidate gene analyses of 3-dimensional dentoalveolar phenotypes in subjects with malocclusion.American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics · 2017Article
- Geometric morphometrics of different malocclusions in lateral skull radiographs.Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie · 2017Article
- Patterns of morphological integration in the dental arches of individuals with malocclusion.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2016Article
- Genetics of the dentofacial variation in human malocclusion.Orthodontics & craniofacial research · 2015Article
- Correlation between the Rotation of the First Molars and the Severity of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2015Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
introductionClass II malocclusion affects about 15% of the population in the United States and is characterized by a convex profile and occlusal disharmonies. The specific etiologic mechanisms resulting in the range of Class II dentoskeletal combinations observed are not yet understood. Most studies describing Class II phenotypic diversity have used moderate sample sizes or focused on younger patients who later in life might outgrow their Class II discrepancies; such a focus might also preclude the visualization of adult Class II features. The majority have used simple correlation methods resulting in phenotypes that might not be generalizable to different samples and thus might not be suitable for studies of malocclusion etiology. The purpose of this study was to address these knowledge gaps by capturing the maximum phenotypic variations in a large sample of white Class II subjects selected with strict eligibility criteria and rigorously standardized multivariate reduction analyses.
methodsSixty-three lateral cephalometric variables were measured from the pretreatment records of 309 white Class II adults (82 male, 227 female; ages, 16-60 years). Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to generate comprehensive phenotypes to identify the most homogeneous groups of subjects, reducing heterogeneity and improving the power of future malocclusion etiology studies.
resultsPrincipal component analysis resulted in 7 principal components that accounted for 81% of the variation. The first 3 components represented variation on mandibular rotation, maxillary incisor angulation, and mandibular length. The cluster analysis identified 5 distinct Class II phenotypes.
conclusionsA comprehensive spectrum of Class II phenotypic definitions was obtained that can be generalized to other samples to advance our efforts for identifying the etiologic factors underlying Class II malocclusion.
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