ArticleMolecular cancer2014
Cathepsin S-mediated autophagic flux in tumor-associated macrophages accelerate tumor development by promoting M2 polarization.
Article in Molecular cancer, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers.
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83 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Exosomal regulation of cellular reprogramming and polarization in the tumor microenvironment.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- METTL3-dependent mAutophagy · 2025Article
- Cathepsin S regulates antitumor immunity through autophagic degradation of PD-L1 in colorectal cancer cells.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- Article
- Cathepsins: Emerging targets in the tumor ecosystem to overcome cancers.Seminars in cancer biology · 2025Review
- Triptonide facilitates autophagy-mediated apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by targeting the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 axis.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2025Article
- Lysosomes as Dynamic Regulators of Metabolic Signaling and Organ Physiology in Aging: From Mechanism to Therapy.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Defective removal of invariant chain peptides from MHC class II suppresses tumor antigen presentation and promotes tumor growth.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Macrophage activation syndrome in Sepsis: from pathogenesis to clinical management.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2024Review
- Roles of cathepsin S expression levels on the prognosis and tumour microenvironment in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- Advances in Cathepsin S Inhibition: Challenges and Breakthroughs in Drug Development.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2024Review
- A structured biomimetic nanoparticle as inflammatory factor sponge and autophagy-regulatory agent against intervertebral disc degeneration and discogenic pain.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Association between cathepsins and skin cancers: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2024Article
- A Tumor Environment-Activated Photosensitized Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Precise Photodynamic Immunotherapy of Colon Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Polyphyllin I alleviates neuroinflammation after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via facilitating autophagy-mediated M2 microglial polarization.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Ruthenium-Cathepsin Inhibitor Conjugates for Green Light-Activated Photodynamic Therapy and Photochemotherapy.Inorganic chemistry · 2024Article
- Role of protein degradation systems in colorectal cancer.Cell death discovery · 2024Review
- Cathepsin D promotes polarization of tumor-associated macrophages and metastasis through TGFBI-CCL20 signaling.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2024Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Abstract
backgroundTumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major component of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. TAMs are heterogeneous, with distinct phenotypes influenced by the microenvironment surrounding tumor tissues, but relatively little is known about the key molecular in these cells that contribute to malignant phenotypes. Autophagic activity is a critical factor in tumor development that contributes to enhancing cellular fitness and survival in the hostile tumor microenvironment. However, the molecular basis and relations between autophagy and TAMs polarization remain unclear.
methodsCathepsin S (Cat S) expression was analyzed in human colon carcinoma and normal colon tissues. In vivo effects were evaluated using PancO2 subcutaneous tumor model and SL4 hepatic metastasis model. Immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry and real-time PCR were done to examine TAMs polarization. Western blotting assay, transmission electron microscopy, mCherry-GFP-LC3 transfection and DQ-BSA degradation assays were carried out to determine its role in regulating autophagy.
resultsIn the present study, we showed that the enhanced expression of Cat S correlated with the severity of histologic grade as well as clinical stage, metastasis, and recurrence, which are known indicators of a relatively poor prognosis of human colon carcinoma. Cat S knockout led to decreased tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, Cat S knockout inhibited M2 macrophage polarization during tumor development. We further demonstrated that Cat S was required for not only autophagic flux but also the fusion processes of autophagosomes and lysosomes in TAMs. Importantly, we found that Cat S contributed to tumor development by regulating the M2 phenotype of TAMs through the activation of autophagy.
conclusionsThese results indicated that Cat S-mediated autophagic flux is an important mechanism for inducing M2-type polarization of TAMs, which leads to tumor development. These data provide strong evidence for a tumor-promoting role of autophagy in TAMs and suggest Cat S could be a potential target for cancer therapy.
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