ReviewJournal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology2014
Spinal anesthesia in children: A review.
Review in Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Minimally Invasive Spinal Interventions for Back and Neck Pain in the Pediatric Population: a Systematic Review.Current pain and headache reports · 2026Pooled it
- Acute postoperative pain control in pediatric patients: a scoping review.Journal of Yeungnam medical science · 2026Article
- Article
- Impact of Age and BMI on Spinal Anesthesia Characteristics in Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Safety of Intrathecal Clonidine as an Adjuvant to Spinal Anesthesia in Infants and Children.Paediatric anaesthesia · 2025Observational
- Infant Spinal Anesthesia for Urologic Surgery in a Patient With Epidermolysis Bullosa.Case reports in anesthesiology · 2025Article
- History of the Nerve Block.Orthopedic reviews · 2024Review
- Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury: A Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Urgent surgery for COVID-19-positive pediatric patient.JA clinical reports · 2021Article
- Clonidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia for infra-umbilical surgeries in children: a prospective randomized, double-blind trial.Ghana medical journal · 2021Article
- Use of spinal anaesthesia in neonates and infants in Antananarivo, Madagascar: a retrospective descriptive study.BMC research notes · 2020Article
- Single-Shot Spinal Anesthesia in an Infant Requiring Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Open Lower-Extremity Surgery: A Case Report.Journal of medical cases · 2020Article
- Emergency Surgery in a Child with Cretinism with Anticipated Difficult Airway Under Low-Dose Subarachnoid Block.Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation · 2020Article
- Spinal anesthesia instead of general anesthesia for infants undergoing tendon Achilles lengthening.Local and regional anesthesia · 2018Article
- Improving Outcomes through Implementation of an Infant Spinal Anesthesia Program for Urologic Surgery Patients.Pediatric quality & safetyArticle
- Comparison of Intrathecal Clonidine and Fentanyl as Adjuvant to Hyperbaric Bupivacaine in Subarachnoid Block for Lower Limb Orthopedic Surgery.Anesthesia, essays and researchesArticle
- Age-based Local Anesthetic Dosing in Pediatric Spinal Anesthesia: Evaluation of a New Formula - A Pilot Study in Indian Patients.Anesthesia, essays and researchesArticle
- Neuraxial block anesthetic technique in a patient with SCN8A encephalopathy: case report.Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier)Article
- Accidental Epidural Injection of Rocuronium in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAGArticle
- Safety of subarachnoid block in pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy in congestive cardiac failure.Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Even after a vast safety record, the role of spinal anesthesia (SA) as a primary anesthetic technique in children remains contentious and is mainly limited to specialized pediatric centers. It is usually practiced on moribund former preterm infants (<60 weeks post-conception) to reduce the incidence of post-operative apnea when compared to general anesthesia (GA). However, there is ample literature to suggest its safety and efficacy for suitable procedures in older children as well. SA in children has many advantages as in adults with an added advantage of minimal cardio-respiratory disturbance. Recently, several reports from animal studies have raised serious concerns regarding the harmful effects of GA on young developing brain. This may further increase the utility of SA in children as it provides all components of balanced anesthesia technique. Also, SA can be an economical option for countries with finite resources. Limited duration of surgical anesthesia in children is one of the major deterrents for its widespread use in them. To overcome this, several additives like epinephrine, clonidine, fentanyl, morphine, neostigmine etc. have been used and found to be effective even in neonates. But, the developing spinal cord may also be vulnerable to drug-related toxicity, though this has not been systematically evaluated in children. So, adjuvants and drugs with widest therapeutic index should be preferred in children. Despite its widespread use, incidence of side-effects is low and permanent neurological sequalae have not been reported with SA. Literature yields encouraging results regarding its safety and efficacy. Technical skills and constant vigilance of experienced anesthesia providers is indispensable to achieve good results with this technique.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.